RESEARCH PAPER
Age of smoking initiation and risk of breast cancer in a sample of Ontario women
| 1 | Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada |
| 2 | Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada |
| 3 | Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada |
| 4 | Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada |
Publication date: 2010-02-17
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2009;5(February):4
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Objectives:
To examine the association between time of smoking initiation and both the independent and joint effects of active and passive tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of breast cancer in a sample of Ontario women.
Methods:
Data from two large population-based case-control studies conducted among Ontario women aged 25–75 years were combined for analysis (n = 12,768).
Results:
Women who had ever smoked and were exposed to passive smoke had a significant increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.01–1.25). A significant increased risk was also observed among women who initiated smoking: at age 26 or older (OR 1.26, 95%CI 1.03–1.55); more than five years from menarche (OR 1.26, 95%CI 1.12–1.42); and, after their first live birth (OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.02–1.52).
Conclusions:
The results suggest that women who initiate smoking at an older age are at an increased risk of breast cancer.
To examine the association between time of smoking initiation and both the independent and joint effects of active and passive tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of breast cancer in a sample of Ontario women.
Methods:
Data from two large population-based case-control studies conducted among Ontario women aged 25–75 years were combined for analysis (n = 12,768).
Results:
Women who had ever smoked and were exposed to passive smoke had a significant increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.01–1.25). A significant increased risk was also observed among women who initiated smoking: at age 26 or older (OR 1.26, 95%CI 1.03–1.55); more than five years from menarche (OR 1.26, 95%CI 1.12–1.42); and, after their first live birth (OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.02–1.52).
Conclusions:
The results suggest that women who initiate smoking at an older age are at an increased risk of breast cancer.
REFERENCES (33)
1.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Office of the Surgeon General. 2004, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
2.
Health Canada: The Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey: Wave 1 and 2 Results. 2005, Health Canada, Ottawa, [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/t...].
3.
Hammond D: Smoking behaviour among young adults: beyond youth prevention. Tob Control. 2005, 14: 181-5. 10.1136/tc.2004.009621.
4.
Canadian Cancer Society/National Cancer Institute of Canada: Canadian Cancer Statistics. Toronto, Canada. 2005.
5.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Office of the Surgeon General. 2006, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
6.
Marcus PM, Newman B, Millikan PC, Moorman PG, Baird DD, Qaqish B: The associations of adolescent cigarette smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, environmental tobacco smoke, and ionizing radiation with subsequent breast cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1999, 11: 271-8. 10.1023/A:1008911902994.
7.
Kropp S, Chang-Claude : Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer by age 50 years among German women. Am J Epidemiol. 2002, 156: 616-26. 10.1093/aje/kwf093.
8.
Lash TL, Aschengrau A: A null association between active or passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 75: 181-4. 10.1023/A:1019625102365.
9.
Terry PD, Rohan TE: Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women: A review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11: 953-71.
10.
Band PR, Le NC, Fang R, Deschamps M: Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 2002, 360: 1044-9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11140-8.
11.
Ghadirian P, Lubinski J, Lynch H: Smoking and the risk of breast cancer among carriers of BRCA mutations. Int J Cancer. 2004, 110: 413-6. 10.1002/ijc.20106.
12.
Gammon MD, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL: Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk among young women (United States). Environ Res. 2004, 96: 176-85. 10.1016/j.envres.2003.08.009.
13.
Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey-Smith G: Smoking before the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Cohort Study and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2004, 91: 512-8. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601916.
14.
Gram IT, Braaten T, Terry PD: Breast cancer risk among women who start smoking as teenagers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14: 61-6.
15.
Li CI, Malone KE, Daling JR: The relationship between various measures of cigarette smoking and risk of breast cancer among older women 65–79 years of age (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005, 16: 975-98. 10.1007/s10552-005-2906-6.
16.
Olson JE, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA: Prepregnancy exposure to cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005, 80: 1423-8. 10.4065/80.11.1423.
17.
Russo J, Russo IH: The etiopathogenesis of breast cancer prevention. Cancer Letters. 1995, 90: 81-89. 10.1016/0304-3835(94)03681-8.
18.
Russo J, Mailo D, Hu YF, Balogh G, Sheriff F, Russo IH: Breast differentiation and its implication in cancer prevention. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11 (2 Pt 2): 931s-936s.
19.
Cotterchio M, Kreiger N, Sloan M, Steingart A: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10: 1213-7.
20.
Boucher B, Cotterchio M, Kreiger N: Validity and reliability of the Block98 food-frequency questionnaire in a sample of Canadian women. Public Health Nutr. 2006, 9 (1): 84-93. 10.1079/PHN2005763.
21.
Holowaty EJ: The Ontario Cancer Registry. Automated Data Collection in Cancer Registration. (IARC Technical Report No. 32). Edited by: Black RJ, Simonato L, Storm HH, Demart E. 1998, Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
22.
Gilbart E, Kreiger N: Improvement in cumulative response rates following implementation of a financial incentive. Am J Epidemiol. 1998, 148: 97-9.
24.
Johnson KC: Accumulating evidence on passive and active smoking and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2005, 117: 619-28. 10.1002/ijc.21150.
25.
California Environmental Protection Agency: Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. Part: Health effects. 2005, Sacramento (CA): California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
26.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. 2005, Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health.
27.
Wartenberd D, Calle E, Thum M, Heath C, Lally C, Woodruff T: Passive Smoking Exposure and Female Breast Cancer Mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000, 92: 1666-73. 10.1093/jnci/92.20.1666.
28.
Ministry of Health Promotion: Ontario Tobacco Strategy. 2006, [http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en...].
29.
Cui Y, Miller AB, Rohan T: Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: update of a prospective sohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 100: 293-9. 10.1007/s10549-006-9255-3.
30.
Leatherdale ST: Cessation advice from health professionals. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey Fact Sheet, Health Canada. 2005.
31.
Parrott S, Godfrey C: Economics of smoking cessation. BMJ. 2004, 328: 947-9. 10.1136/bmj.328.7445.947.
32.
Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K: Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer – collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer. 2002, 87: 1234-45. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600596.
33.
Kataoka H, Inoue R, Yagi K, Saito K: Determination of nicotine, cotinine, and related alkaloids in human urine and saliva by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008, 49: 108-14. 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.044.
CITATIONS (11):
1.
Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study
Avonne E. Connor, Kathy B. Baumgartner, Richard N. Baumgartner, Christina M. Pinkston, Stephanie D. Boone, Esther M. John, Gabriela Torres-Mejía, Lisa M. Hines, Anna R. Giuliano, Roger K. Wolff, Martha L. Slattery
Journal of Women's Health
Avonne E. Connor, Kathy B. Baumgartner, Richard N. Baumgartner, Christina M. Pinkston, Stephanie D. Boone, Esther M. John, Gabriela Torres-Mejía, Lisa M. Hines, Anna R. Giuliano, Roger K. Wolff, Martha L. Slattery
Journal of Women's Health
2.
Smoking Before the First Pregnancy and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
L. A. DeRoo, P. Cummings, B. A. Mueller
American Journal of Epidemiology
L. A. DeRoo, P. Cummings, B. A. Mueller
American Journal of Epidemiology
3.
Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis
Alina Macacu, Philippe Autier, Mathieu Boniol, Peter Boyle
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
Alina Macacu, Philippe Autier, Mathieu Boniol, Peter Boyle
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
4.
Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer: a Case-control Study in Serbia
Milena Ilic, Hristina Vlajinac, Jelena Marinkovic
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Milena Ilic, Hristina Vlajinac, Jelena Marinkovic
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
5.
The Role of Nitrosamine (NNK) in Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis
Nomundelger Gankhuyag, Kang-Hoon Lee, Je-Yoel Cho
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
Nomundelger Gankhuyag, Kang-Hoon Lee, Je-Yoel Cho
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
6.
Effect of Genetic Polymorphisms and Long-Term Tobacco Exposure on the Risk of Breast Cancer
Zoraida Verde, Catalina Santiago, Luis Chicharro, Luis Reinoso-Barbero, Alejandro Tejerina, Fernando Bandrés, Félix Gómez-Gallego
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Zoraida Verde, Catalina Santiago, Luis Chicharro, Luis Reinoso-Barbero, Alejandro Tejerina, Fernando Bandrés, Félix Gómez-Gallego
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
7.
Lifestyle Components and Primary Breast Cancer Prevention
Joanna Kruk
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Joanna Kruk
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
8.
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of breast cancer in nonsmoking women. An updated review and meta-analysis
Peter N. Lee, Jan S. Hamling
Inhalation Toxicology
Peter N. Lee, Jan S. Hamling
Inhalation Toxicology
9.
Passive Smoking and Breast Cancer - a Suspicious Link
Abhidha Malik, Pamela Alice Jeyaraj, Abhishek Shankar, Goura Kishore Rath, Sandip Mukhopadhyay, Vineet Kumar Kamal
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Abhidha Malik, Pamela Alice Jeyaraj, Abhishek Shankar, Goura Kishore Rath, Sandip Mukhopadhyay, Vineet Kumar Kamal
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
10.
Geography of breast cancer incidence according to age & birth cohorts
David I. Gregorio, Chandler Ford, Holly Samociuk
Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology
David I. Gregorio, Chandler Ford, Holly Samociuk
Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology
11.
Aspirin abrogates impairment of mammary gland differentiation induced by early in life second-hand smoke in mice
Julia Santucci-Pereira, Thomas J Pogash, Aman Patel, Navroop Hundal, Maria Barton, Anna Camoirano, Rosanna T Micale, Sebastiano La Maestra, Roumen Balansky, Silvio De Flora, Jose Russo
Carcinogenesis
Julia Santucci-Pereira, Thomas J Pogash, Aman Patel, Navroop Hundal, Maria Barton, Anna Camoirano, Rosanna T Micale, Sebastiano La Maestra, Roumen Balansky, Silvio De Flora, Jose Russo
Carcinogenesis
Related articles
