RESEARCH PAPER
Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation
 
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1
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Germany
 
2
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
 
3
Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
 
4
Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, Rheinstetten, Germany
 
 
Submission date: 2014-05-23
 
 
Acceptance date: 2014-11-13
 
 
Publication date: 2014-12-09
 
 
Corresponding author
Dirk W Lachenmeier   

Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
 
 
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2014;12(December):23
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are advertised to tobacco users as a tool to decrease cigarette consumption and to reduce toxic exposure associated with conventional tobacco smoking. Little is known about the compounds contained in such products, their exposure and long-term health effects.

Methods:
NMR spectroscopy was used to ascertain the content of several constituents of e-cigarette liquids including nicotine, solvents and some bioactive flavour compounds. Risk assessment was based on probabilistic exposure estimation and comparison with toxicological thresholds using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach.

Results:
In 54 samples of e-cigarette liquids, the average nicotine content was 11 mg/ml. Only 18 from 23 samples were confirmed as nicotine-free samples and in one e-cigarette liquid nicotine was not detected while being declared on the labelling. Major compounds of e-cigarette liquids include glycerol (average 37 g/100 g), propylene glycol (average 57 g/100 g) and ethylene glycol (average 10 g/100 g). Furthermore, 1,3-propanediol, thujone and ethyl vanillin were detected in some samples. The average exposure for daily users was estimated as 0.38 mg/kg bw/day for nicotine, 8.9 mg/kg bw/day for glycerol, 14.5 mg/kg bw/day for 1,2-propanediol, 2.1 mg/kg bw/day for ethylene glycol, and below 0.2 mg/kg bw/day for the other compounds. The MOE was below 0.1 for nicotine, but all other compounds did not reach MOE values below 100 except ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol.

Conclusions:
NMR spectroscopy is a useful and rapid method to simultaneously detect several ingredients in e-cigarette liquids. From all compounds tested, only nicotine may reach exposures that fall into a high risk category with MOE <1. Therefore, e-cigarette liquid products should be subjected to regulatory control to ensure consistent nicotine delivery. Solvents with more favourable toxicological profiles should be used instead of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol, which may fall into a risk category with MOE < 100.

 
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Jan Kitzen, Jamie McConaha, Megan Bookser, Joseph Pergolizzi, Robert Taylor, Robert Raffa
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
 
41.
On the Safety of E-cigarettes: “I can Resist anything except Temptation”1
Robert Combes, Michael Balls
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
 
42.
Bioanalytical and Mass Spectrometric Methods for Aldehyde Profiling in Biological Fluids
Romel Dator, Morwena Solivio, Peter Villalta, Silvia Balbo
Toxics
 
43.
Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity
Roxane Prieux, Marc Eeman, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Giuseppe Valacchi
Toxicology in Vitro
 
44.
Concurrent Quantification of Emerging Chemicals of Health Concern in e-Cigarette Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Binnian Wei, Maciej Goniewicz, Richard O’Connor
ACS Omega
 
45.
A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data in Adverse Drug Reactions
Dirk Lachenmeier
 
46.
Vaping, Smoking, and the Physical Fitness of Active Young Men
Eero Dinkeloo, Tyson Grier, Raina Brooks, Bruce Jones
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
 
47.
Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces and vaping in an 18-year-old man: a case report and review of the literature
Alex Bonilla, Alexander Blair, Suliman Alamro, Rebecca Ward, Michael Feldman, Richard Dutko, Theodora Karagounis, Adam Johnson, Erik Folch, Jatin Vyas
Journal of Medical Case Reports
 
48.
Discrepancies in reported versus measured nicotine content of e-cigarette refill liquids across nine European countries before and after the implementation of the EU Tobacco Products Directive
Charis Girvalaki, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Alexander Vardavas, Christina Kyriakos, Katerina Nikitara, Polychronis Stivaktakis, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Constantine Vardavas
European Respiratory Journal
 
49.
Functional characterization of flavorings in electronic cigarette refill liquids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Oluwabunmi Dada, Marie-Cecile Chalbot, Ilias Kavouras
Analytical Methods
 
50.
Case 38-2019: A 20-Year-Old Man with Dyspnea and Abnormalities on Chest Imaging
Richard Cabot, Eric Rosenberg, Virginia Pierce, David Dudzinski, Meridale Baggett, Dennis Sgroi, Jo-Anne Shepard, Kathy Tran, Emily McDonald, Tara Corpuz, Robert Hallowell, Michael Feldman, Brent Little, Leaf Karp, Lida Hariri
New England Journal of Medicine
 
51.
Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review
Isaac Armendáriz-Castillo, Santiago Guerrero, Antonella Vera-Guapi, Tiffany Cevallos-Vilatuña, Jennyfer García-Cárdenas, Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Andrés López-Cortés, Andy Pérez-Villa, Verónica Yumiceba, Ana Zambrano, Paola Leone, César Paz-y-Miño
BioMed Research International
 
52.
Review of Health Consequences of Electronic Cigarettes and the Outbreak of Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury
Dazhe Cao, Kim Aldy, Stephanie Hsu, Molly McGetrick, Guido Verbeck, Silva De, Sing-yi Feng
Journal of Medical Toxicology
 
53.
The effect of smoking on stem cell mobilization in allogeneic donors
Tuğçe YİĞENOĞLU, Semih BAŞCI, Derya ŞAHİN, Mehmet BAKIRTAŞ, Ali KILINC, ULU UNCU, Hikmetullah BATGİ, Dicle İSKENDER, Nurgul OZCAN, ÇAKIR KIZIL, Sinan DAL, Tuba HACIBEKİROĞLU, Fevzi ALTUNTAŞ
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine
 
54.
Inhalation Toxicology of Vaping Products and Implications for Pulmonary Health
Hussein Traboulsi, Mathew Cherian, Rjeili Abou, Matthew Preteroti, Jean Bourbeau, Benjamin Smith, David Eidelman, Carolyn Baglole
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
 
55.
Electronic Cigarette Use and Blood Pressure Endpoints: a Systematic Review
Irene Martinez-Morata, Tiffany Sanchez, Daichi Shimbo, Ana Navas-Acien
Current Hypertension Reports
 
56.
Electronic cigarette exposure on insulin sensitivity of ApoE gene knockout mice
Kai Lan+, Guangwei Zhang+, Lijuan Liu, Ziwei Guo, Xianyu Luo, Hua Guan, Qi Yu, Enqi Liu
Tobacco Induced Diseases
 
57.
Electronic cigarette extract induced toxic effect in iPS-derived cardiomyocytes
Hesham Basma, Swetha Tatineni, Kajari Dhar, Fang Qiu, Stephen Rennard, Brian Lowes
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
 
58.
Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts
Michael Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Chengji Zhou
Birth Defects Research
 
59.
Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke
Gregory Rodrigo, Guy Jaccard, Djoko Tafin, Alexandra Korneliou, Marco Esposito, Maxim Belushkin
Archives of Toxicology
 
60.
A review of constituents identified in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols
Emily Eshraghian, Wael Al-Delaimy
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation
 
61.
Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category
Erna Krüsemann, Anne Havermans, Jeroen Pennings, Graaf de, Sanne Boesveldt, Reinskje Talhout
Tobacco Control
 
62.
Critical research gaps in electronic cigarette devices and nicotine aerosols
Jamie Spahn, Salomon Stavchansky, Zhengrong Cui
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
 
63.
Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Cellular Membrane Potential Are Predictors of E-Liquid Induced Cellular Toxicity
Eva Correia-Álvarez, James Keating, Gary Glish, Robert Tarran, M Sassano
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
 
64.
Effect of E-Cigarette aerosol exposure on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma
Huda Taha, Nour Al-Sawalha, Karem Alzoubi, Omar Khabour
Inhalation Toxicology
 
65.
E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals Induce Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells
Brittany Rickard, Henry Ho, Jacqueline Tiley, Ilona Jaspers, Kim Brouwer
ACS Omega
 
66.
An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health
Patrice Marques, Laura Piqueras, Maria-Jesus Sanz
Respiratory Research
 
67.
Fundamentals of Craniofacial Malformations
Michael Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Shuwen Zhang, Bo Sun, Frates De, Chengji Zhou
 
68.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Marc Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael Quinn, Bell Millikan
Drug and Chemical Toxicology
 
69.
In vitro determinants of e-cig aerosol condensate bioavailability and toxicity: Influence of cell culture parameters and utility of a normalized dose metric in e-cigarette studies
Udochukwu Obodo, Timothy O’Connor
 
70.
Electronic cigarettes: Genetic and epigenetic impact (Review)
Nicolás Niederbacher, Litzy Bermudez, Daniel González, Camila Bernal, Francisco García, Daniel León, Maria Pinzón, Carlos Camero, Ithzayana Madariaga, Paula Sánchez, Andrea Rodríguez, Salime Hurtado, Catherine Tovar, Santiago Rodríguez‑Ariza, Rafael Castro, Mariana Guerra, Alejandra Cañas, Adriana Rojas
International Journal of Epigenetics
 
71.
Non-Targeted Analysis Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Evaluation of Chemical Composition of E-Vapor Products
Niti Shah, Michael Noe, Kimberly Agnew-Heard, Yezdi Pithawalla, William Gardner, Saibal Chakraborty, Nicholas McCutcheon, Hannah Grisevich, Thomas Hurst, Michael Morton, Matt Melvin, IV Miller
Frontiers in Chemistry
 
72.
Assessment of knowledge of use of electronic cigarette and its harmful effects among young adults
Vidushi Gupta, Madhu Sharma, Natarajan Srikant, Nidhi Manaktala
Open Medicine
 
73.
E-Cigarette Toxicology
Terry Gordon, Emma Karey, Meghan Rebuli, Yael-Natalie Escobar, Ilona Jaspers, Lung Chen
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
 
74.
Loose ENDs: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and the FDA’s Recent Enforcement Policy
Saira Ahmad, Flori Sassano, Robert Tarran
EMJ Respiratory
 
75.
E-cigarette vapour from base components propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine inhibits the inflammatory response in macrophages and epithelial cells
Rachael Bell, Danny McAuley, Murali Shyamsundar, Cecila O’Kane, Yvonne Dombrowski
 
76.
E-cigarette Product Characteristics and Subsequent Frequency of Cigarette Smoking
Jessica Barrington-Trimis, Zhi Yang, Sara Schiff, Jennifer Unger, Tess Cruz, Robert Urman, Junhan Cho, Jonathan Samet, Adam Leventhal, Kiros Berhane, Rob McConnell
Pediatrics
 
77.
Impact of E-cig aerosol vaping on fetal and neonatal respiratory development and function
MARCUS ORZABAL, VISHAL NAIK, JEHOON LEE, ANDREW HILLHOUSE, WESLEY BRASHEAR, DAVID THREADGILL, JAYANTH RAMADOSS
Translational Research
 
78.
Development of LC-HRMS untargeted analysis methods for nasal epithelial lining fluid exposomics
Yun-Chung Hsiao, Chih-Wei Liu, Carole Robinette, Noelle Knight, Kun Lu, Meghan Rebuli
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
 
79.
Dirk Lachenmeier
 
80.
Electronic cigarettes (vapes) are an old threat to health in a new guise
Marina Galitskaya, Andrey Fisenko, Svetlana Makarova
Russian Pediatric Journal
 
81.
How Electronic Cigarette Affects the Vascular System
Vito Damay, Setiawan Setiawan, Ronny Lesmana, Mohammad Akbar, Antonia Lukito, Renee Bittoun
Journal of Smoking Cessation
 
82.
Formaldehyde in Electronic Cigarette Liquid (Aerosolized Liquid)
Jenna Ruggiero, Lindsey Voller, Javed Shaik, Sara Hylwa
Dermatitis
 
83.
E-cigarette smoking vape impact on optical properties of porcine gingival mucosa measured ex vivo in the range from 200 to 800 nm
Alexey Selifonov, Ekaterina Selifonova, Valery Tuchin, Elina Genina, Valery Tuchin
Optical Technologies for Biology and Medicine
 
84.
In Memoriam: Dr.-Ing. Walter Lachenmeier (1945–2022)—Reflections on a Life between Research Funding Administration, Electric Vehicle Development and Technology Transfer
Dirk Lachenmeier
World Electric Vehicle Journal
 
85.
Evaluation of hazards of electronic -cigarette’s liquid refill on testes of mice, complemented by histopathological and chromatographic analysis
Raghda Elsherif, Nora Abdellah, Ola Hussein, Eman Shaltout
Ultrastructural Pathology
 
86.
Comparative study of lung toxicity of E-cigarette ingredients to investigate E-cigarette or vaping product associated lung injury
Sung-Hoon Yoon, Mi-Kyung Song, Dong Kim, Jeom-Kyu Lee, Ji-Won Jung, Joong Lee, Kyuhong Lee
Journal of Hazardous Materials
 
87.
Elektrische Zigaretten – Stand der Forschung aus gefäßmedizinischer Sicht
Sönke Braß, Markus Wagenhäuser, Florian Simon, Hubert Schelzig, Joscha Mulorz
Gefässchirurgie
 
88.
The relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and effects on pulmonary immune responses—a literature review
Seok Han, Fenna Sillé, Jana Mihalic, Ana Rule
Environmental Research
 
89.
Impact of e-cigarette vaping aerosol exposure in pregnancy on mTOR signaling in rat fetal hippocampus
Jehoon Lee, Marcus Orzabal, Vishal Naik, Jayanth Ramadoss
Frontiers in Neuroscience
 
90.
Quantitation and Stability of Nicotine in Canadian Vaping Liquids
Ivana Kosarac, Guru Katuri, Cariton Kubwabo, Shabana Siddique, Trevor Mischki
Toxics
 
91.
Comprehensive characterization of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in e-liquids for electronic cigarette using gas chromatography accurate mass spectrometry
M. Golpe, M. Ramil, I. Rodríguez
Journal of Chromatography A
 
92.
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) aerosol constituent deposition and nicotine retention in the human oral cavity
Bahman Asgharian, Owen Price, Amy Creel, Gladys Erives, Jonathan Fallica, Cissy Li, Nashaat Rasheed, Scott Wasdo, Raymond Yeager, Susan Chemerynski, Jeffry Schroeter
Journal of Aerosol Science
 
93.
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): A convenient means of smoking?
Mariaelvina SALA, Cecilia GOTTI
Pharmacological Research
 
94.
Beyond the label: current evidence and future directions for the interrelationship between electronic cigarettes and mental health
Malia Bautista, Allison Mogul, Christie Fowler
Frontiers in Psychiatry
 
95.
Dirk Lachenmeier
 
96.
Impact of Vaping on Lungs: An Indian Prospect
Karan Sharma, Roshan Jha
Cureus
 
97.
Chemical sensors for imaging total cellular aliphatic aldehydes in live cells
Rachel Wills, Jonathan Farhi, Patrick Czabala, Sophia Shahin, Spangle M., Monika Raj
Chemical Science
 
98.
Chromatography and Spectroscopy Methods for the Analysis of Nicotine and Other Chemical Ingredients in E-Liquid Formulation: A Review
Mohd Rashidi Abdull Manap, Noor Hazfalinda Hamzah, Qhurratul Aina Kholili, Fatin Abu Hasan, Azhana Alhumaira
Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology
 
99.
Safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes in those with atherosclerotic disease: a review
Conor James McCaughey, Greg Murphy, Jennifer Jones, Kaumal Baig Mirza, Mark Hensey
Open Heart
 
100.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Developmental and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes
Eman Hussen, Nada Aakel, Abdullah A. Shaito, Maha Al-Asmakh, Haissam Abou-Saleh, Zain Z. Zakaria
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
 
101.
Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review
Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak, Rafal Pawliczak
Inhalation Toxicology
 
102.
Comparison of Acute Effects of E-cigarettes With and Without Nicotine and Tobacco Cigarettes on Hemodynamic and Endothelial Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Shurjeel Uddin Qazi, Muhammad Huzaifa-Ul-Haq Ansari, Shamas Ghazanfar, Syed Shahryar Ghazanfar, Minaam Farooq
High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention
 
103.
Sensitivity of Mouse Lung Nuclear Receptors to Electronic Cigarette Aerosols and Influence of Sex Differences: A Pilot Study
Shikha Sharma, Dustin Rousselle, Erik Parker, Carolyn Damilola Ekpruke, Rachel Alford, Maksat Babayev, Sarah Commodore, Patricia Silveyra
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
 
104.
Long-Term Cardiopulmonary Outcomes and Quality of Life: A Comparative Study Among Cigarette, Electronic Cigarette and Dual use Consumers.
Gokul Krishna, Ann Mary Jose, Weaam Rahali, Wejdan Alyamani, Manahel Mohammed, Basmah Alghamdi, Mazen Homoud, Mohammed AlAhmari, Khalid Alwadeai, Saleh Alkhathami, Jithin Sreedha, Ayedh Alahmari
 
105.
Low-field NMR spectroscopic study of e-cigarettes: Is determination of only nicotine and organic carrier solvents possible?
Klaudia Adels, Yulia Monakhova
Microchemical Journal
 
106.
Comparison of smoking traditional, heat not burn and electronic cigarettes on salivary cytokine, chemokine and growth factor profile in healthy young adults–pilot study
Sara Zięba, Mateusz Maciejczyk, Bożena Antonowicz, Aleksandra Porydzaj, Mariusz Szuta, Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Roberto Lo Giudice, Stanisław Krokosz, Anna Zalewska
Frontiers in Physiology
 
107.
Chemical characterization and health risks associated with e-cigarettes: A comprehensive review
Sanchez-Rosario Ramon, Pratt Karla, Aquino Mónica, Vega Pedro, Sanchez Sergio H, Peña-Calderon Doris
Advances in Toxicology and Toxic Effects
 
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