BACKGROUND: Tobacco and nicotine product consumption causes harmful effects, including impaired bodily functions such as diabetes, and increases the risk of complications related to other conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, and blindness. Complications not only worsen health status but also increase the burden on healthcare services, as more intensive treatment and care are required. This case-control study aimed to analyze the association between smoking behavior and complications among DMT2 patients at Tanah Kalikedinding Public Health Center, Surabaya, Indonesia.
METHODS: A total of 92 respondents, with an equal ratio of cases and controls (1:1), were selected through simple random sampling to ensure unbiased representation. The research was conducted at January-February 2024. Data from these respondents were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests to assess the association between smoking behavior and the occurrence of complications in DMT2 patients. The analysis provided a clearer understanding of how smoking—both active and passive—could exacerbate complications among those already diagnosed with DMT2
RESULTS: Among passive smokers, 25 experienced complications, while 16 did not. Active/passive smokers who experienced complications numbered 15, with 6 not experiencing complications. Conversely, the majority of non-smokers did not experience complications (24), with only 6 experiencing complications. Overall, complications were more common among passive smokers (54.3%). Passive smokers had a 6.25 times higher risk (OR = 6.25, 95% CI = 2.10–18.64), and active/passive smokers had a 10 times higher risk (OR = 10.0, 95% CI = 2.72–36.79) of complications compared to non-smokers (p-value < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Smoking significantly increases the risk of complications in DMT2 patients, highlighting the urgent need for education, improved screening programs, effective management strategies, and enhanced healthcare accessibility, particularly in remote areas.