BACKGROUND: Tobacco farming is a major economic activity in India, sustained by government subsidies and price controls. However, it imposes severe environmental costs, including significant water usage, high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and deforestation. These impacts strain resources in ecologically sensitive regions, making the need for alternative crops and sustainable farming practices increasingly urgent.
METHODS: This study evaluates the environmental impact of tobacco farming in India by analyzing government reports, independent studies, and global trends. Metrics such as water use (liters per ton), GHG emissions (kg CO2 equivalent per ton), and deforestation rates are examined. Comparative analysis with crops like rice and cotton and industries such as textiles contextualizes these findings. A cost-benefit analysis assesses both economic and environmental trade-offs.
RESULTS: The findings reveal that tobacco farming is highly resource-intensive. It consumes significant water, produces high emissions from fertilizers and curing processes, and drives localized deforestation in states like Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Although it generates higher short-term economic returns compared to food crops, these benefits are overshadowed by long-term environmental degradation and hidden societal costs, such as healthcare burdens.
CONCLUSIONS: Transitioning to alternatives like millet, pulses, and horticulture offers a path to sustainable agriculture with comparable economic benefits. However, barriers such as lack of market access and financial risks hinder adoption. Targeted policies, including subsidies for alternative crops, training programs, and improved market linkages, are essential to promote sustainable practices and ensure economic resilience for farmers.