RESEARCH PAPER
The use of planned behavior theory in predicting cigarette smoking among Waterpipe smokers
| 1 | Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA |
| 2 | Health Promotion and Education, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA |
| 3 | Epidemiology/Biostatistics/Population Medicine, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA |
| 4 | Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and
Population Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Publish date: 2017-07-03
Tob. Induc. Dis. 2017;15(July):29
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Waterpipe and cigarette smoking have been found to be associated with each other as cigarette smokers were more likely to be waterpipe users than non-cigarette smokers. Also, waterpipe smokers were likely to be former daily cigarette users. The aim of this study is to examine the likelihood of waterpipe use leading to cigarette use among current waterpipe users using theory of planned behavior.
Methods:
Four hundred six current waterpipe smokers who initially had started tobacco use with the waterpipe were recruited from 15 waterpipe lounges in 2015. From a total of 70 waterpipe lounges in Riyadh, the 15 waterpipe lounges were selected randomly and participants were also selected randomly inside each waterpipe lounge based on the table or section number. The survey was developed using the Qualtrics Online Survey Software and participants completed a survey using iPad tablets.
Results:
Cigarette smoking and intention to smoke cigarettes were predicted by attitude and perceived behavioral control. There was no direct effect of subjective norm on the cigarette use behavior, yet subjective norm had a statistically significant indirect effect on intentions through attitude and perceived behavioral control.
Conclusions:
The findings of this study could be useful in prevention/intervention programs aimed at reducing tobacco smoking behaviors among waterpipe users. Intervention programs might be directed at the attitude and perceived behavioral control by targeting underlying behavioral and control beliefs. The theory of planned behavior provided solid explanations of intention to use cigarettes among waterpipe smokers.
Waterpipe and cigarette smoking have been found to be associated with each other as cigarette smokers were more likely to be waterpipe users than non-cigarette smokers. Also, waterpipe smokers were likely to be former daily cigarette users. The aim of this study is to examine the likelihood of waterpipe use leading to cigarette use among current waterpipe users using theory of planned behavior.
Methods:
Four hundred six current waterpipe smokers who initially had started tobacco use with the waterpipe were recruited from 15 waterpipe lounges in 2015. From a total of 70 waterpipe lounges in Riyadh, the 15 waterpipe lounges were selected randomly and participants were also selected randomly inside each waterpipe lounge based on the table or section number. The survey was developed using the Qualtrics Online Survey Software and participants completed a survey using iPad tablets.
Results:
Cigarette smoking and intention to smoke cigarettes were predicted by attitude and perceived behavioral control. There was no direct effect of subjective norm on the cigarette use behavior, yet subjective norm had a statistically significant indirect effect on intentions through attitude and perceived behavioral control.
Conclusions:
The findings of this study could be useful in prevention/intervention programs aimed at reducing tobacco smoking behaviors among waterpipe users. Intervention programs might be directed at the attitude and perceived behavioral control by targeting underlying behavioral and control beliefs. The theory of planned behavior provided solid explanations of intention to use cigarettes among waterpipe smokers.
REFERENCES (28)
1.
Akl EA, Gunukula SK, Aleem S, et al. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):244.
2.
Alzohairy MA. Water pipe & cigarette smoking among Qassim university male students: prevalence and beliefs. Int J Health Sci. 2012;6(1):45.
3.
Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Eissenberg T, et al. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking among university students in Jordan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(7):986.
4.
Primack BA, Shensa A, Kim KH, et al. Waterpipe smoking among US university students. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(1):29–35.
5.
Amin TT, Amr MAM, Zaza BO, Kaliyadan F. Predictors of waterpipe smoking among secondary school adolescents in al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Int J Behav Med. 2012;19(3):324–35.
6.
Moradi-Lakeh M, El Bcheraoui C, Tuffaha M, et al. Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):611.
7.
Barnett TE, Smith T, He Y, et al. Evidence of emerging hookah use among university students: a cross-sectional comparison between hookah and cigarette use. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):302.
8.
Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(6):518–23.
9.
American Lung Association. An emerging deadly trend: Waterpipe tobacco use. PDF–222 KB. Washington: American Lung Association; 2007.
10.
Koul PA, Kaul SK, Sheikh MM, Tasleem RA, Shah A. Lung cancer in the Kashmir valley. Lung India. 2010;27(3):131.
11.
Shafagoj YA, Mohammed FI. Levels of maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular parameters following hubble-bubble smoking. Saudi Med J. 2002;23(8):953–8.
12.
Jabbour S, El-Roueiheb Z, Sibai A. Nargileh (water-pipe) smoking and incident coronary heart disease: a case-control study. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13(8):570.
13.
Tamim H, Yunis K, Chemaitelly H, Alameh M, Nassar A. Effect of narghile and cigarette smoking on newborn birthweight. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(1):91–7.
14.
Maziak W, Fouad F, Asfar T, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of narghile smoking among university students in Syria. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(7):882–9.
15.
Sniehotta FF, Presseau J, Araújo-Soares V. Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Health Psychol Rev. 2014;8(1):1–7.
16.
Harakeh Z, Scholte RH, Vermulst AA, de Vries H, Engels RC. Parental factors and adolescents' smoking behavior: an extension of the theory of planned behavior. Prev Med. 2004;39(5):951–61.
17.
Collins SE, Witkiewitz K, Larimer ME. The theory of planned behavior as a predictor of growth in risky college drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011;72(2):322.
18.
Brislin R. The wording and translation of research instruments. In: John LWB, editor. Field methods in cross-cultural research. Cross-cultural research and methodology, vol. 8. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc; 1986. p. 137–64.
19.
Brislin RW. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 1970;1(3):185–216.
20.
Ryan H, Trosclair A, Gfroerer J. Adult current smoking: differences in definitions and prevalence estimates—NHIS and NSDUH, 2008. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012(2012):918368.
21.
Wellman RJ, DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Godiwala S, Friedman K, Hazelton J. Measuring adults' loss of autonomy over nicotine use: the hooked on nicotine checklist. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005;7(1):157–61.
22.
Hayes AF, Preacher KJ. Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2014;67(3):451–70.
23.
Ashford J, LeCroy C. Human behavior in the social environment: a multidimensional perspective. In: Cengage learning. 4th ed; 2009.
24.
McMillan B, Higgins AR, Conner M. Using an extended theory of planned behaviour to understand smoking amongst schoolchildren. Addict Res Theory. 2005;13(3):293–306.
25.
Hill AJ, Boudreau F, Amyot É, Déry D, Godin G. Predicting the stages of smoking acquisition according to the theory of planned behavior. J Adolesc Health. 1997;21(2):107–15.
26.
Hu S-C, Lanese RR. The applicability of the theory of planned behavior to the intention to quit smoking across workplaces in southern Taiwan. Addict Behav. 1998;23(2):225–37.
27.
Hanson MJS. The theory of planned behavior applied to cigarette smoking in African-American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic white teenage females. Nurs Res. 1997;46(3):155–62.
28.
Norman P, Conner M, Bell R. The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation. Health Psychol. 1999;18(1):89.
CITATIONS (1):
1.
Disclosure of maternal HIV infection to children among Chinese women with HIV: The application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the role of various norms
Phoenix Mo, Zixin Wang, Joseph Lau, Angela Li, Qian Wang
Health & Social Care in the Community
Phoenix Mo, Zixin Wang, Joseph Lau, Angela Li, Qian Wang
Health & Social Care in the Community
Related articles
