RESEARCH PAPER
Microbiological components in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke
 
More details
Hide details
1
Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
 
2
Dept of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, USA
 
 
Submission date: 2012-06-08
 
 
Acceptance date: 2012-08-08
 
 
Publication date: 2012-08-16
 
 
Corresponding author
Lennart Larsson   

Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
 
 
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2012;10(August):13
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Research has shown that tobacco smoke contains substances of microbiological origin such as ergosterol (a fungal membrane lipid) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). The aim of the present study was to compare the amounts of ergosterol and LPS in the tobacco and mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke of some popular US cigarettes.

Methods:
We measured LPS 3-hydroxy fatty acids and fungal biomass biomarker ergosterol in the tobacco and smoke from cigarettes of 11 popular brands purchased in the US. University of Kentucky reference cigarettes were also included for comparison.

Results:
The cigarette tobacco of the different brands contained 6.88-16.17 (mean 10.64) pmol LPS and 8.27-21.00 (mean 14.05) ng ergosterol/mg. There was a direct correlation between the amounts of ergosterol and LPS in cigarette tobacco and in MS smoke collected using continuous suction; the MS smoke contained 3.65-8.23% (ergosterol) and 10.02-20.13% (LPS) of the amounts in the tobacco. Corresponding percentages were 0.30-0.82% (ergosterol) and 0.42-1.10% (LPS) for SS smoke collected without any ongoing suction, and 2.18% and 2.56% for MS smoke collected from eight two-second puffs.

Conclusions:
Tobacco smoke is a bioaerosol likely to contain a wide range of potentially harmful bacterial and fungal components.

 
REFERENCES (22)
1.
Borgerding M, Klus H: Analysis of complex mixtures—cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicology Pathol. 2005, 57 (1): 43-73.
 
2.
Welty RE: Fungi isolated from flue-cured tobacco sold in Southeast United States, 1968–1970. Appl Microbiol. 1972, 24 (3): 518-520.
 
3.
Huang J, Yang J, Duan Y, Gu W, Gong X, Zhe W, Su C, Zhang KQ: Bacterial diversities on unaged and aging flue-cured tobacco leaves estimated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010, 88: 553-562. 10.1007/s00253-010-2763-4.
 
4.
Sapkota AR, Berger S, Vogel TM: Human pathogens abundant in the bacterial metagenome of cigarettes. Environ Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (3): 351-356.
 
5.
Hasday JD, Bascom R, Costa JJ, Fitzgerald T, Dubin W: Bacterial endotoxin is an active component of cigarette smoke. Chest. 1999, 115: 829-835. 10.1378/chest.115.3.829.
 
6.
Larsson L, Szponar B, Pehrson C: Tobacco smoking increases dramatically air concentrations of endotoxin. Indoor Air. 2004, 14: 421-424. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00290.x.
 
7.
Larsson L, Szponar B, Ridha B, Pehrson C, Dutkiewicz J, Krysinska-Traczyk E, Sitkowska J: Identification of bacterial and fungal components in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Tob Induc Dis. 2008, 4 (4).
 
8.
Sebastian A, Pehrson C, Larsson L: Elevated concentrations of endotoxin in indoor air due to cigarette smoking. J Environ Monit. 2006, 8: 519-522. 10.1039/b600706f.
 
9.
Teague SV, Pinkerton KE, Goldsmith M, Gebremichael A, Chang S, Jenkins RA, Moneyhun JH: Sidestream smoke generation and exposure system for environmental tobacco smoke studies. Inhal Toxicol. 1994, 6: 79-93. 10.3109/08958379409029697.
 
10.
Shang S, Ordway D, Henao-Tamayo M, Bai X, Oberley-Deegan R, Shanley C, Orme IM, Case S, Minor M, Ackart D, Hascall-Dove L, Ovrutsky AR, Kandasamy P, Voelker DR, Lambert C, Freed BM, Iseman MD, Basaraba RJ, Chan ED: Cigarette smoke increases susceptibility to tuberculosis – evidence from in vivo and in vitro models. J Infect Dis. 2011, 203: 1240-1248. 10.1093/infdis/jir009.
 
11.
Sebastian A, Larsson L: Characterisation of the microbial community in indoor environments: a chemical-analytical approach. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003, 69: 3103-3109. 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3103-3109.2003.
 
12.
Pauly JK, Paszkiewicz G: Cigarette smoke, bacteria, mold, microbial toxins, and chronic lung inflammation. J Oncol. 2011, 2011: 819129.
 
13.
Edinboro LE, Karnes HT: Determination of aflatoxin B1 in sidestream cigarette smoke by immunoaffinity column extraction coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1083: 127-132. 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.032.
 
14.
Barnes RL, Glantz SA: Endotoxins in tobacco smoke: shifting tobacco industry positions. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007, 9 (10): 995-1004. 10.1080/14622200701488392.
 
15.
Papavassiliou J, Piperakis G, Marcelou-Kinti U: Mycological flora of cigarettes. Mycopathology Mycology Applied. 1971, 44 (2): 117-120. 10.1007/BF02051879.
 
16.
Zhao M, Wang B, Li F, Qiu L, Li F, Wang S, Cui J: Analysis of bacterial communities on aging flue-cured tobacco leaves by 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007, 73 (6): 1435-1440. 10.1007/s00253-006-0625-x.
 
17.
Rooney AP, Swezey JL, Wicklow DT, McAtee MJ: Bacterial species diversity in cigarettes linked to an investigation of severe pneumonitis in U.S. military personnel deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Curr Microbiol. 2005, 51 (1): 46-52. 10.1007/s00284-005-4491-z.
 
18.
Pauly JL, Waight JD, Paszkiewicz GM: Tobacco flakes on cigarette filters grow bacteria: a potential health risk to the smoker?. Tob Control. 2008, 17 (1): 49-52. 10.1136/tc.2007.022772.
 
19.
Schick S, Glantz S: Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke. Tob Control. 2005, 14: 396-404. 10.1136/tc.2005.011288.
 
20.
Kulkarni GS, Nadkarni PP, Cerreta JM, Ma S, Cantor JO: Short-term cigarette smoke exposure potentiates endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation. Exp Lung Res. 2007, 33 (1): 1-13. 10.1080/01902140601112957.
 
21.
Schwartz DA, Thorne PS, Yagla SJ, Burmeister LF, Olenchock SA, Watt JL, Quinn TJ: The role of endotoxin in grain dust-induced lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 603-608.
 
22.
Heldal KK, Halstensen AS, Thorn J, Eduard W, Halstensen TS: Airway inflammation in waste handlers exposed to bioaerosols assessed by induced sputum. Eur Respir J. 2003, 21: 641-645. 10.1183/09031936.03.00059702.
 
 
CITATIONS (30):
1.
Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Mouse Lung Tumorigenesis
T. Melkamu, X. Qian, P. Upadhyaya, M. G. O’Sullivan, F. Kassie
Veterinary Pathology
 
2.
Commonly used air filters fail to eliminate secondhand smoke induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses
Thivanka Muthumalage, Karen Pritsos, Kenneth Hunter, Chris Pritsos
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
 
3.
Cigarette smoke exposure worsens acute lung injury in antibiotic-treated bacterial pneumonia in mice
Jeffrey Earl Gotts, Lauren F Chun, Jason Abbott, Xiaohui Fang, Naoki Takasaki, Stephen L Nishimura, Matthew L. Springer, Suzaynn F. Schick, Carolyn S Calfee, Michael A. Matthay
American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
 
4.
A study on particles and some microbial markers in waterpipe tobacco smoke
P. Markowicz, J. Löndahl, A. Wierzbicka, R. Suleiman, A. Shihadeh, L. Larsson
Science of The Total Environment
 
5.
RNA-sequencing studies identify genes differentially regulated during inflammation-driven lung tumorigenesis and targeted by chemopreventive agents
Xuemin Qian, Ali Khammanivong, Jung Min Song, Fitsum Teferi, Pramod Upadhyaya, Erin Dickerson, Fekadu Kassie
Inflammation Research
 
6.
Aspergillus sensitisation in bidi smokers with and without chronic obstructive lung disease
Ritesh Agarwal, Sumita Bhogal, Hansraj Choudhary, Ashutosh N. Aggarwal, Inderpaul S. Sehgal, Sahajal Dhooria, Digambar Behera, Arunaloke Chakrabarti
Mycoses
 
7.
Epidemiology of contact lens-induced infiltrates: an updated review
Kelsy R Steele, Loretta Szczotka-Flynn
Clinical and Experimental Optometry
 
8.
Combined exposure to cigarette smoke and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae drives development of a COPD phenotype in mice
Shyamala Ganesan, Adam T Comstock, Brenton Kinker, Peter Mancuso, James M Beck, Uma S Sajjan
Respiratory Research
 
9.
Inhibitory effects of nicotine derived from cigarette smoke on thymic stromal lymphopoietin production in epidermal keratinocytes
Jiangxu Dong, Ryosuke Segawa, Natsumi Mizuno, Masahiro Hiratsuka, Noriyasu Hirasawa
Cellular Immunology
 
10.
Cigarette Smoke Exposure Worsens Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injury and Pulmonary Edema in Mice
Jeffrey E Gotts, Jason Abbott, Xiaohui Fang, Haru Yanagisawa, Naoki Takasaka, Stephen L Nishimura, Carolyn S Calfee, Michael A Matthay
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
 
11.
Smoking and Air Pollution as Pro-Inflammatory Triggers for the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ronald Anderson, Pieter W. A. Meyer, Mahmood M. T. M. Ally, Mohammed Tikly
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
 
12.
Combinations of indole-3-carbinol and silibinin suppress inflammation-driven mouse lung tumorigenesis by modulating critical cell cycle regulators
J. M. Song, X. Qian, K. Molla, F. Teferi, P. Upadhyaya, G. O`Sullivan, X. Luo, F. Kassie
Carcinogenesis
 
13.
Cigarette Smoke Suppresses the Surface Expression ofc-kitand FcεRI on Mast Cells
M. E. Givi, B. R. Blokhuis, C. A. Da Silva, I. Adcock, J. Garssen, G. Folkerts, F. A. Redegeld, E. Mortaz
Mediators of Inflammation
 
14.
Use of airway epithelial cell culture to unravel the pathogenesis and study treatment in obstructive airway diseases
Tinne C.J. Mertens, Harry Karmouty-Quintana, Christian Taube, Pieter S. Hiemstra
Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
 
15.
Cigarette smoke differentially modulates dendritic cell maturation and function in time
Masoumeh Ezzati Givi, Gert Folkerts, Gerry T. M. Wagenaar, Frank A. Redegeld, Esmaeil Mortaz
Respiratory Research
 
16.
MyD88 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory lung diseases
Franco Di Padova, Valerie F. J. Quesniaux, Bernhard Ryffel
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets
 
17.
Dendritic cells and Th17/Treg ratio play critical roles in pathogenic process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Xiangru Zheng, Lanying Zhang, Jie Chen, Yanhui Gu, Jingqing Xu, Yao Ouyang
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
 
18.
Impact of HIV infection and smoking on lung immunity and related disorders
Theresa M. Rossouw, Ronald Anderson, Charles Feldman
European Respiratory Journal
 
19.
Time-resolved analysis of the emission of sidestream smoke (SSS) from cigarettes during smoking by photo ionisation/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-TOFMS): towards a better description of environmental tobacco smoke
T. Streibel, S. Mitschke, T. Adam, R. Zimmermann
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
 
20.
Non-digestible oligosaccharides partially prevent the development of LPS-induced lung emphysema in mice
Hamed Janbazacyabar, Bergenhenegouwen van, Kim Verheijden, Thea Leusink-Muis, Helvoort van, Johan Garssen, Gert Folkerts, Saskia Braber
PharmaNutrition
 
21.
Bidirectional Associations among Nicotine and Tobacco Smoke, NeuroHIV, and Antiretroviral Therapy
Shivesh Ghura, Robert Gross, Kelly Jordan-Sciutto, Jacob Dubroff, Robert Schnoll, Ronald Collman, Rebecca Ashare
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
 
22.
Dietary Diindolylmethane Suppresses Inflammation-Driven Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mice
Jung Song, Xuemin Qian, Fitsum Teferi, Jing Pan, Yian Wang, Fekadu Kassie
Cancer Prevention Research
 
23.
Viable bacteria abundant in cigarettes are aerosolized in mainstream smoke
Leena Malayil, Suhana Chattopadhyay, Anthony Bui, Mansi Panse, Robin Cagle, Emmanuel Mongodin, Amy Sapkota
Environmental Research
 
24.
The functions of CD4 T-helper lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Keru Qin, Baixue Xu, Min Pang, Hailong Wang, Baofeng Yu
Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica
 
25.
The Role of Smoking in the Mechanisms of Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Atherosclerosis
Stanislav Kotlyarov
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
 
26.
Towards Healthy Adolescents: A Review of Smoking Impact According to Dental Perspectives
Sharina Dolah, Adnan Mohd, Rahman Abd
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences
 
27.
Secondhand smoke’s effects on brain development: ADHD and associated behaviors in children
Mohamed Elbeeh
Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences
 
28.
The effect of bradykinin 1 receptor antagonist BI 1026706 on pulmonary inflammation after segmental lipopolysaccharide challenge in healthy smokers
Christina Gress, Jens Vogel-Claussen, Philipp Badorrek, Meike Müller, Kathrin Hohl, Marilisa Konietzke, Tobias Litzenburger, Wolfgang Seibold, Abhya Gupta, Jens Hohlfeld
Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
 
29.
Faecal microbial transfer and complex carbohydrates mediate protection against COPD
Kurtis F Budden, Shakti D Shukla, Kate L Bowerman, Annalicia Vaughan, Shaan L Gellatly, David L A Wood, Nancy Lachner, Sobia Idrees, Saima Firdous Rehman, Alen Faiz, Vyoma K Patel, Chantal Donovan, Charlotte A Alemao, Sj Shen, Nadia Amorim, Rajib Majumder, Kanth S Vanka, Jazz Mason, Tatt Jhong Haw, Bree Tillet, Michael Fricker, Simon Keely, Nicole Hansbro, Gabrielle T Belz, Jay Horvat, Thomas Ashhurst, Caryn van Vreden, Helen McGuire, Barbara Fazekas de St Groth, Nicholas J C King, Ben Crossett, Stuart J Cordwell, Lorenzo Bonaguro, Joachim L Schultze, Emma E Hamilton‐Williams, Elizabeth Mann, Samuel C Forster, Matthew A Cooper, Leopoldo N Segal, Sanjay H Chotirmall, Peter Collins, Rayleen Bowman, Kwun M Fong, Ian A Yang, Peter A B Wark, Paul G Dennis, Philip Hugenholtz, Philip M Hansbro
Gut
 
30.
Transcriptomic characterization of the human segmental endotoxin challenge model
Christina Gress, Tobias Litzenburger, Ramona Schmid, Ke Xiao, Florian Heissig, Meike Muller, Abhya Gupta, Jens M. Hohlfeld
Scientific Reports
 
eISSN:1617-9625
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top