Recent manuscripts
Archive
Aims and Scope
Editorial Board
Open Access
Indexing
Contact us
Authorship & COI
Publication Ethics
Data Policies
Supporting Diversity
Instructions to authors (PDF)
Manuscript Types
Manuscript Formatting
Professional Editing Service
How to submit
Supplements & Special Issues
Preprints
TID on Twitter
RESEARCH PAPER
Menthol tobacco use is correlated with mental health symptoms in a national sample of young adults: implications for future health risks and policy recommendations
| 1 | The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, USA |
| 2 | Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, USA |
| 3 | Department of Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, USA |
| 4 | Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Amy M. Cohn
The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
Submission date: 2015-08-11
Acceptance date: 2015-12-18
Publication date: 2016-01-08
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2016;14(January):1
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Depression and anxiety are correlated with greater nicotine dependence, smoking persistence, and relapse back to smoking after a quit attempt. Menthol cigarette smoking, which is prevalent in young adults, is associated with nicotine dependence, progression to regular smoking, and worse cessation outcomes than non-menthol smoking. Few have established a link between menthol tobacco use, beyond just smoking, with mental health in this high-risk age group. This study examined the association of menthol tobacco use to anxiety and depression in a national sample of young adults.
Methods:
Data were from Waves 1 through 7 (n = 9720, weighted) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort, a national sample of men and women aged 18 to 34 assessed every 6-months. Demographics, past 30-day use of non-menthol and menthol tobacco products, and current alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use were assessed among those with depression and anxiety.
Results:
Thirty nine percent of current tobacco users used menthol as their preferred brand. Using a cross-sectional analysis (collapsed across waves), past 30-day menthol tobacco was uniquely associated with greater odds of both depression and anxiety, beyond the effects of demographic and substance correlates and non-menthol tobacco product use.
Conclusions:
Menthol is disproportionately used among young adults tobacco users with mental health problems, above and beyond the impact of a variety of other mental health and tobacco use risk factors. Findings suggest a strong link between menthol tobacco use and poor health outcomes. Policies should be developed to deter menthol tobacco use in vulnerable groups.
Depression and anxiety are correlated with greater nicotine dependence, smoking persistence, and relapse back to smoking after a quit attempt. Menthol cigarette smoking, which is prevalent in young adults, is associated with nicotine dependence, progression to regular smoking, and worse cessation outcomes than non-menthol smoking. Few have established a link between menthol tobacco use, beyond just smoking, with mental health in this high-risk age group. This study examined the association of menthol tobacco use to anxiety and depression in a national sample of young adults.
Methods:
Data were from Waves 1 through 7 (n = 9720, weighted) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort, a national sample of men and women aged 18 to 34 assessed every 6-months. Demographics, past 30-day use of non-menthol and menthol tobacco products, and current alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use were assessed among those with depression and anxiety.
Results:
Thirty nine percent of current tobacco users used menthol as their preferred brand. Using a cross-sectional analysis (collapsed across waves), past 30-day menthol tobacco was uniquely associated with greater odds of both depression and anxiety, beyond the effects of demographic and substance correlates and non-menthol tobacco product use.
Conclusions:
Menthol is disproportionately used among young adults tobacco users with mental health problems, above and beyond the impact of a variety of other mental health and tobacco use risk factors. Findings suggest a strong link between menthol tobacco use and poor health outcomes. Policies should be developed to deter menthol tobacco use in vulnerable groups.
REFERENCES (75)
1.
Villanti AC, Giovino GA, Barker DC, Mowery PD, Sevilimedu V, Abrams DB. Menthol brand switching among adolescents and young adults in the National Youth Smoking Cessation Survey. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1310–2.
2.
Nonnemaker J, Hersey J, Homsi G, Busey A, Allen J, Vallone D. Initiation with menthol cigarettes and youth smoking uptake. Addiction. 2013;108(1):171–8.
3.
Hersey JC, Nonnemaker JM, Homsi G. Menthol cigarettes contribute to the appeal and addiction potential of smoking for youth. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12 suppl 2:S136–46.
4.
Hersey JC, Ng SW, Nonnemaker JM, Mowery P, Thomas KY, Vilsaint M-C, et al. Are menthol cigarettes a starter product for youth? Nicotine Tob Res. 2006;8(3):403–13.
5.
Dauphinee AL, Doxey JR, Schleicher NC, Fortmann SP, Henriksen L. Racial differences in cigarette brand recognition and impact on youth smoking. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):170.
6.
Giovino GA, Villanti AC, Mowery PD, Sevilimedu V, Niaura RS, Vallone DM et al. Differential trends in cigarette smoking in the USA: is menthol slowing progress? Tobacco control. 2013:tobaccocontrol-2013-051159.
7.
Beckwith L. TPSAC report and recommendation on menthol cigarettes, 2011. 2013.http://www.fda.gov/downloads/A....
8.
Delnevo CD, Villanti AC, Giovino GA. Trends in menthol and non-menthol cigarette consumption in the USA: 2000–2011. Tobacco control. 2013:tobaccocontrol-2013-051385.
9.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The NSDUH Report: Recent Trends in Menthol Cigarette Use. 2011.
10.
Brody AL, Mukhin AG, La Charite J, Ta K, Farahi J, Sugar CA, et al. Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in menthol cigarette smokers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;16(5):957–66.
11.
Williams JM, Gandhi KK, Steinbergd ML, Foulds J, Ziedonis DM, Benowitz NL. Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2007;9(8):873–81.
12.
Henningfield JE, Benowitz NL, Ahijevych K, Garrett BE, Connolly GN, Wayne GF. Does menthol enhance the addictiveness of cigarettes? An agenda for research. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2003;5(1):9-11.
13.
Moreland-Russell S, Harris J, Snider D, Walsh H, Cyr J, Barnoya J. Disparities and menthol marketing: additional evidence in support of point of sale policies. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2013;10(10):4571–83.
14.
Xing H, Ling J, Chen M, Gu JG. Chemical and cold sensitivity of two distinct populations of TRPM8-expressing somatosensory neurons. Journal of neurophysiology. 2006;95(2):1221–30.
15.
Uhl GR, Walther D, Behm FM, Rose JE. Menthol preference among smokers: association with TRPA1 variants. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2011;13(12):1311–5.
16.
Ahijevych K, Garrett BE. The role of menthol in cigarettes as a reinforcer of smoking behavior. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2010;12(suppl 2):S110-S6.
17.
Ahijevych K, Garrett BE. Menthol pharmacology and its potential impact on cigarette smoking behavior. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2004;6(Suppl 1):S17-S28.
18.
Rose JE, Behm FM. Extinguishing the rewarding value of smoke cues: pharmacological and behavioral treatments. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2004;6(3):523-32.
19.
Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. Jama. 2000;284(20):2606–10.
20.
Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hiripi E, Kessler R. Nicotine dependence in the United States: prevalence, trends, and smoking persistence. Archives of general psychiatry. 2001;58(9):810–6.
21.
Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-106.
22.
Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, June Ruan W, Goldstein RB, et al. Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological medicine. 2005;35(12):1747-59.
23.
Wackowski O, Delnevo CD. Menthol cigarettes and indicators of tobacco dependence among adolescents. Addictive behaviors. 2007;32(9):1964–9.
24.
Azagba S, Minaker LM, Sharaf MF, Hammond D, Manske S. Smoking intensity and intent to continue smoking among menthol and non-menthol adolescent smokers in Canada. Cancer Causes & Control.2014;25(9):1093-9.
25.
Delnevo CD, Gundersen DA, Hrywna M, Echeverria SE, Steinberg MB. Smoking-cessation prevalence among US smokers of menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes. American journal of preventive medicine. 2011;41(4):357–65.
26.
Gundersen DA, Delnevo CD, Wackowski O. Exploring the relationship between race/ethnicity, menthol smoking, and cessation, in a nationally representative sample of adults. Prev Med. 2009;49(6):553–7.
27.
Young-Wolff KC, Hickman NJ, Kim R, Gali K, Prochaska JJ. Correlates and Prevalence of Menthol Cigarette Use Among Adults With Serious Mental Illness. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2014:ntu141.
28.
Hickman NJ, Delucchi KL, Prochaska JJ. Menthol use among smokers with psychological distress: findings from the 2008 and 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Tobacco control. 2014;23(1):7–13.
29.
Hooper MW, Zhao W, Byrne MM, Davila E, Caban-Martinez A, Dietz NA, et al. Menthol cigarette smoking and health, Florida 2007 BRFSS. American journal of health behavior. 2011;35(1):3-14.
30.
Mendiondo MS, Alexander LA, Crawford T. Health profile differences for menthol and non‐menthol smokers: findings from the national health interview survey. Addiction. 2010;105(s1):124–40.
31.
Azagba S, Sharaf MF. Binge drinking and marijuana use among menthol and non-menthol adolescent smokers: findings from the Youth Smoking Survey. Addict Behav. 2014;39(3):740–3.
32.
Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Degenhardt L, Lynskey M, Hall W. Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. Bmj. 2002;325(7374):1195–8.
33.
Compton WM, Thomas YF, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity ofDSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Archives of general psychiatry. 2007;64(5):566-76.
34.
Grant BF. Comorbidity between DSM-IV drug use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey of adults. J Subst Abuse. 1995;7(4):481–97.
35.
Harder VS, Morral AR, Arkes J. Marijuana use and depression among adults: Testing for causal associations. Addiction. 2006;101(10):1463–72.
36.
Bolton JM, Robinson J, Sareen J. Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Affect Disord. 2009;115(3):367–75.
37.
Brook DW, Brook JS, Zhang C, Cohen P, Whiteman M. Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59(11):1039-44.
38.
Eccles R. Menthol: effects on nasal sensation of airflow and the drive to breathe. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003;3(3):210–4.
39.
Sees KL, Clark HW. When to begin smoking cessation in substance abusers. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1993;10(2):189–95.
40.
Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997;4(5):231–44.
41.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Jama.2003;289(23):3095-105.
42.
Giovino GA, Villanti AC, Mowery PD, Sevilimedu V, Niaura RS, Vallone DM et al. Differential trends in cigarette smoking in the USA: is menthol slowing progress? Tobacco control. 2015;24(2):28-37.
43.
Villanti AC, Richardson A, Vallone DM, Rath JM. Flavored tobacco product use among US young adults. American journal of preventive medicine. 2013;44(4):388-91.
44.
Lee YO, Hebert CJ, Nonnemaker JM, Kim AE. Multiple tobacco product use among adults in the United States: cigarettes, cigars, electronic cigarettes, hookah, smokeless tobacco, and snus. Preventive medicine. 2014;62:14-9.
45.
Yeager DS, Krosnick JA, Chang L, Javitz HS, Levendusky MS, Simpser A, et al. Comparing the accuracy of RDD telephone surveys and internet surveys conducted with probability and non-probability samples. Public Opinion Quarterly. 2011:nfr020.
46.
Chang L, Krosnick JA. National surveys via RDD telephone interviewing versus the internet comparing sample representativeness and response quality. Public Opin Q. 2009;73(4):641–78.
47.
Rhodes DJ, Breitkopf CR, Ziegenfuss JY, Jenkins SM, Vachon CM. Awareness of Breast Density and Its Impact on Breast Cancer Detection and Risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015;33(10):1143-50.
48.
Grande D, Mitra N, Shah A, Wan F, Asch DA. Public preferences about secondary uses of electronic health information. JAMA internal medicine. 2013;173(19):1798-806.
49.
Kumar S, Quinn SC, Kim KH, Daniel LH, Freimuth VS. The impact of workplace policies and other social factors on self-reported influenza-like illness incidence during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. American Journal of Public Health. 2012;102(1):134-40.
50.
Fowler FJ, Gerstein BS, Barry MJ. How patient centered are medical decisions? Results of a national survey. JAMA Int Med. 2013;173(13):1215–21.
51.
American Association for Public Opinion Research. Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. 2015.
52.
Cohn A, Villanti A, Richardson A, Rath JM, Williams V, Stanton C et al. The association between alcohol, marijuana use, and new and emerging tobacco products in a young adult population. Addictive Behaviors. 2015;48:79–88.
53.
Villanti AC, Pearson JL, Cantrell J, Vallone DM, Rath JM. Patterns of combustible tobacco use in US young adults and potential response to graphic cigarette health warning labels. Addict Behav. 2015;42:119–25.
54.
Rath JM, Villanti AC, Abrams DB, Vallone DM. Patterns of tobacco use and dual use in US young adults: the missing link between youth prevention and adult cessation. J Environ Public Health. 2012, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/679134.
55.
Löwe B, Kroenke K, Gräfe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). J Psychosom Res. 2005;58(2):163–71.
56.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284–92.
57.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317–25.
58.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale had high sensitivity and specificity for detecting GAD in primary care. Intern Med. 2007;146:317–25.
59.
Trapl ES, Terchek JJ, Danosky L, Cofie L, Brooks-Russell A, Frank SH. Complexity of measuring “cigar use” in adolescents: Results from a split sample experiment. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(4):291–5.
60.
Terchek JJ, Larkin EM, Male ML, Frank SH. Measuring cigar use in adolescents: inclusion of a brand-specific item. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(7):842–6.
61.
Twisk J, de Vente W. Attrition in longitudinal studies: how to deal with missing data. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(4):329–37.
62.
Little RJ, Rubin DB. Statistical analysis with missing data. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
63.
Barros AJ, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3(1):21.
64.
Riolo SA, Nguyen TA, Greden JF, King CA. Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(6):998.
65.
Nolen-Hoeksema S. Gender differences in depression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001;10(5):173–6.
66.
Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Compton W, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independentmood and anxiety disorders: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and relatedconditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):807–16.
67.
Grant BF, Hasin DS, Chou SP, Stinson FS, Dawson DA. Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the united states: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and relatedconditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(11):1107–15.
68.
Cohn AM, Strong DR, Abrantes AM, Brown RA. History of single episode and recurrent major depressive disorder among smokers in cessation treatment: Associations with depressive symptomatology and early cessation failure. Addict Disord Treat. 2010;9(1):41.
69.
Brown RA, Kahler CW, Niaura R, Abrams DB, Sales SD, Ramsey SE, et al. Cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression in smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69(3):471.
70.
Niaura R, Britt DM, Shadel WG, Goldstein M, Abrams D, Brown R. Symptoms of depression and survival experience among three samples of smokers trying to quit. Psychol Addict Behav. 2001;15(1):13.
71.
Wayne GF, Connolly GN. Application, function, and effects of menthol in cigarettes: a survey of tobacco industry documents. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6 Suppl 1:S43–54.
72.
Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirisci L, Kirillova GP, Maher BS, Clark DB. Liability to substance use disorders: 1. Common mechanisms and manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27(6):507–15.
73.
Rath JM, Villanti AC, Williams VF, Richardson A, Pearson J, Vallone DM. Patterns of longitudinal transitions in menthol use among US young adult smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;2012:Article ID 679134, 9 pages. doi:10.1155/2012/679134.
74.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic criteria from dsM-iV-tr. Am Psychiatr Pub. 2000.
75.
Garten S, Falkner RV. Role of mentholated cigarettes in increased nicotine dependence and greater risk of tobacco-attributable disease. Prev Med. 2004;38(6):793–8.
CITATIONS (16):
1.
Determining non-cigarette tobacco, alcohol, and substance use typologies across menthol and non-menthol smokers using latent class analysis
Amy Cohn, Amanda Johnson, Jennifer Pearson, Shyanika Rose, Sarah Ehlke, Ollie Ganz, Raymond Niaura
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Amy Cohn, Amanda Johnson, Jennifer Pearson, Shyanika Rose, Sarah Ehlke, Ollie Ganz, Raymond Niaura
Tobacco Induced Diseases
2.
Patterns of the co-use of alcohol, marijuana, and emerging tobacco products in a national sample of young adults
Amy M. Cohn, Amanda L. Johnson, Jessica M. Rath, Andrea C. Villanti
The American Journal on Addictions
Amy M. Cohn, Amanda L. Johnson, Jessica M. Rath, Andrea C. Villanti
The American Journal on Addictions
3.
Differences in Subjective Experiences to First Use of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarettes in a National Sample of Young Adult Cigarette Smokers
Joanne D’Silva, Amy M Cohn, Amanda L Johnson, Andrea C Villanti
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Joanne D’Silva, Amy M Cohn, Amanda L Johnson, Andrea C Villanti
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
4.
Menthol cigarette smoking among individuals in treatment for substance use disorders
Noah R. Gubner, Denise D. Williams, Anna Pagano, Barbara K. Campbell, Joseph Guydish
Addictive Behaviors
Noah R. Gubner, Denise D. Williams, Anna Pagano, Barbara K. Campbell, Joseph Guydish
Addictive Behaviors
5.
Cannabis regulatory science: risk–benefit considerations for mental disorders
Jacob T. Borodovsky, Alan J. Budney
International Review of Psychiatry
Jacob T. Borodovsky, Alan J. Budney
International Review of Psychiatry
6.
Co-occurring vulnerabilities and menthol use in U.S. young adult cigarette smokers: Findings from Wave 1 of the PATH Study, 2013–2014
Andrea C. Villanti, Diann E. Gaalema, Jennifer W. Tidey, Allison N. Kurti, Stacey C. Sigmon, Stephen T. Higgins
Preventive Medicine
Andrea C. Villanti, Diann E. Gaalema, Jennifer W. Tidey, Allison N. Kurti, Stacey C. Sigmon, Stephen T. Higgins
Preventive Medicine
7.
Menthol cigarette use in young adult smokers with severe mental illnesses
Mary F Brunette, Joelle C Ferron, Pamela Geiger, Andrea C Villanti
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Mary F Brunette, Joelle C Ferron, Pamela Geiger, Andrea C Villanti
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
8.
Patterns of tobacco use, quit attempts, readiness to quit and selfefficacy
among smokers with anxiety or depression: Findings
among six countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys
Ioanna Petroulia, Christina Kyriakos, Sophia Papadakis, Chara Tzavara, Filippos Filippidis, Charis Girvalaki, Theodosia Peleki, Paraskevi Katsaounou, Ann McNeill, Ute Mons, Esteve Fernández, Tibor Demjén, Antigona Trofor, Aleksandra Herbeć, Witold Zatoński, Yannis Tountas, Geoffrey Fong, Constantine Vardavas, on consortium*
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Ioanna Petroulia, Christina Kyriakos, Sophia Papadakis, Chara Tzavara, Filippos Filippidis, Charis Girvalaki, Theodosia Peleki, Paraskevi Katsaounou, Ann McNeill, Ute Mons, Esteve Fernández, Tibor Demjén, Antigona Trofor, Aleksandra Herbeć, Witold Zatoński, Yannis Tountas, Geoffrey Fong, Constantine Vardavas, on consortium*
Tobacco Induced Diseases
9.
Differences in quality of life among older adults in Brazil according to smoking status and nicotine dependence
Dayane Viana, Flavia Andrade, Luiz Martins, Leiner Rodrigues, Santos dos
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Dayane Viana, Flavia Andrade, Luiz Martins, Leiner Rodrigues, Santos dos
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
10.
Susceptibility to cigarette smoking and associated factors among high school students in western Ethiopia
Firew Bobo, Palanichamy Thanasekaran, Agin Joice, Birhanu Yadecha, Animut Alebel
BMC Research Notes
Firew Bobo, Palanichamy Thanasekaran, Agin Joice, Birhanu Yadecha, Animut Alebel
BMC Research Notes
11.
Blunt use and menthol cigarette smoking: An examination of adult marijuana users
LaTrice Montgomery, Dale Mantey, Erica Peters, Evan Herrmann, Theresa Winhusen
Addictive Behaviors
LaTrice Montgomery, Dale Mantey, Erica Peters, Evan Herrmann, Theresa Winhusen
Addictive Behaviors
12.
The Biological Impact of Menthol on Tobacco Dependence
Robert Wickham
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Robert Wickham
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
13.
Gender Differences in the Association between Marijuana and Menthol Cigarette Use among African American Adult Cigarette Smokers
LaTrice Montgomery, Hooper Webb
Substance Use & Misuse
LaTrice Montgomery, Hooper Webb
Substance Use & Misuse
14.
Enhancing Patient Engagement in Pulmonary Healthcare
Enid Neptune, Frank Leone, Hasmeena Kathuria
Enid Neptune, Frank Leone, Hasmeena Kathuria
15.
Differences in Cognitive Task Performance, Reinforcement Enhancement, and Nicotine Dependence Between Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Smokers
Nancy Jao, Edward Levin, Melissa Simon, Brian Hitsman
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Nancy Jao, Edward Levin, Melissa Simon, Brian Hitsman
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
16.
The Oral Microbiome of Smokeless Tobacco Users in Latvia
Miļuna Sintija, Dagnija Rostoka, Ingus Skadińš, Aigars Reinis, Viktorija Priedīte, Rudīte Koka, Didzis Lauva, Juta Kroiča
Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.
Miļuna Sintija, Dagnija Rostoka, Ingus Skadińš, Aigars Reinis, Viktorija Priedīte, Rudīte Koka, Didzis Lauva, Juta Kroiča
Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.