RESEARCH PAPER
Lipid and lipoprotein profiles among middle aged male smokers: a study from southern India
 
More details
Hide details
1
Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
 
2
Chennai Medical College Hospital & Research Center, Trichy, India
 
 
Submission date: 2010-06-18
 
 
Acceptance date: 2010-10-05
 
 
Publication date: 2010-10-05
 
 
Corresponding author
Ramachandran Meenakshisundaram   

Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
 
 
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2010;8(October):11
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Objectives:
The objectives were to investigate into the relationship between lipid profile including ApolipoproteinA1 (Apo-A1) and Apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B) and smokers and to relate them with smoking pack years.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 274 active male smokers without any other illnesses and age matched male healthy control subjects (78) with similar socio-cultural background were assessed for clinical details, dietary habits, physical activities, smoking and alcohol consumption. Standard methods were adopted to check the lipid levels. The data were analyzed statistically.

Results:
Their ages ranged from 40 to 59 years, systolic BP from 110 to 130 mmHg, and diastolic BP from 76 to 88 mmHg. All of them had similar pattern of diet (vegetarianism with occasional meat). None was on any medication influences lipid level. Their physical activity was moderate. Number of pack years varied from 10 to 14 (mild), 15 to 19 (moderate) and 20 and above (heavy) among 69, 90 and 115 cases, whose mean ages were 43, 44 and 49 respectively. The mean (+SD) values in mg/dl of total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TGL), Apo-B, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and Apo-A1 in mg/dl among mild/ moderate/ heavy smokers and control subjects were 198 (30.6)/ 224 (27.2)/ 240 (24.3) and 160 (20.4); 164(42.6)/ 199 (39.5)/ 223(41.7) and 124 (31.6); 119 (24.9)/ 121 (27)/ 127 (28.3) and 116 (21.4); 94 (19.7)/ 104 (21.8)/ 120 (20.5) and 82 (17.6); 42 (5.9)/ 39 (3.1)/ 35(4.4) and 48 (5.3); and 120 (17)/ 119 (21)/ 115 (25) and 126 (19), respectively. In smokers, there was a rise in TC, TGL, LDL, Apo-B and fall in HDL and Apo-A; these changes were significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Number of pack years was directly proportional to abnormal lipid profile. It is also concluded that changes in Apo-A1 and Apo-B were more significant when compared to HDL and LDL cholesterol among smokers. In the view of double risk for smokers (smoking and altered lipid profile) efforts may be made to introduce smoking cessation program.

 
REFERENCES (39)
1.
Loeper J, Goy J, Rozensztajn L, Bedu O, Moisson P: Lipid peroxidation and protective enzymes during myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta. 1991, 196: 119-125. 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90064-J.
 
2.
Stary H, Chandler A, Glagov S, Guyton J, Insull WJ, Rosenfeld M, Schaffer S, Schwartz C, Wagner W, Wissler R: A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994, 14: 840-856.
 
3.
Prevalence of tobacco use. 2004, New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.
 
4.
Rani M, Bonu S, Jha P, Nguyen S, Jamjoum L: Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey. Tob Control. 2003, 12: e4-10.1136/tc.12.4.e4.
 
5.
Brischetto C, Connor W, Connor S, Matarazzo J: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles of cigarette smokers from randomly selected families: enhancement of hyperlipidemia and depression of high-density lipoprotein. Am J Cardiol. 1983, 52: 675-680. 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90396-X.
 
6.
Kharb S, Singh G: Effect of smoking on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in normal subjects and in patients during and after acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta. 2000, 302: 213-219. 10.1016/S0009-8981(00)00343-0.
 
7.
Craig W, Palomaki G, Haddow J: Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data. BMJ. 1989, 298: 784-788. 10.1136/bmj.298.6676.784.
 
8.
Whig J, Singh C, Soni G, Bansal A: Serum lipids & lipoprotein profiles of cigarette smokers & passive smokers. Indian J Med Res. 1992, 96: 282-287.
 
9.
NS Neki: Lipid Profile in Chronic Smokers - A Clinical Study. JIACM. 2002, 3: 51-54.
 
10.
Venkatesan A, Hemalatha A, Bobby Z, Selvaraj N, Sathiyapriya V: Effect of smoking on lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in normal subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 50: 273-278.
 
11.
Assmann G, Schriewer H, Schmitz G, Hägele E: Quantification of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2. Clin Chem. 1983, 29: 2026-2030.
 
12.
 
13.
Akbari ZA BM, Shakoor M: Lipid profile in smoking. JAMC. 2000, 12: 19-21.
 
14.
Mammas I, Bertsias G, Linardakis M, Tzanakis N, Labadarios D, Kafatos A: Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and serum lipid profile among medical students in Greece. Eur J Public Health. 2003, 13: 278-282. 10.1093/eurpub/13.3.278.
 
15.
Johnkennedy N: Effect of smoking on lipid profile among adult smokers in Owerri, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Laboratory Science. 2010, 1 (2).
 
16.
Raftopoulos CBM, Steinbeck KS: Coronary heart disease risk factors in male adolescents with particular reference to smoking and blood lipids. J Adolesc Health. 1999, 25 (1): 68-74. 10.1016/S1054-139X(98)00130-X.
 
17.
Elovson J, Chatterton J, Bell G, Schumaker V, Reuben M, Puppione D, Reeve JJ, Young N: Plasma very low density lipoproteins contain a single molecule of apolipoprotein B. J Lipid Res. 1988, 29: 1461-1473.
 
18.
Khan DA IA, khan FA: The effects of cigarette smoking on apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B. Pak J Pathol. 1997, 8: 38-45.
 
19.
Neufeld E, Mietus-Snyder M, Beiser A, Baker A, Newburger J: Passive cigarette smoking and reduced HDL cholesterol levels in children with high-risk lipid profiles. Circulation. 1997, 96: 1403-1407.
 
20.
Goh E, Heimberg M: Stimulation of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by oleic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973, 55: 382-388. 10.1016/0006-291X(73)91098-X.
 
21.
Muscat J, Harris R, Haley N, Wynder E: Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J. 1991, 121: 141-147. 10.1016/0002-8703(91)90967-M.
 
22.
HL B: Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. New Engl J Med. 1988, 319: 1318-1330. 10.1056/NEJM198811173192005.
 
23.
Reaven G: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. 1988, 37: 595-607.
 
24.
Freeman D, Caslake M, Griffin B, Hinnie J, Tan C, Watson T, Packard C, Shepherd J: The effect of smoking on post-heparin lipoprotein and hepatic lipase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activities in human plasma. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998, 28: 584-591. 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00328.x.
 
25.
Freeman D, Griffin B, Murray E, Lindsay G, Gaffney D, Packard C, Shepherd J: Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man: effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution. Eur J Clin Invest. 1993, 23: 630-640. 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00724.x.
 
26.
Moriguchi E, Fusegawa Y, Tamachi H, Goto Y: Effects of smoking on HDL subfractions in myocardial infarction patients: effects on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and hepatic lipase. Clin Chim Acta. 1991, 195: 139-143. 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90134-X.
 
27.
Eliasson B, Mero N, Taskinen M, Smith U: The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers. Atherosclerosis. 1997, 129: 79-88. 10.1016/S0021-9150(96)06028-5.
 
28.
Packard C, Shepherd J: Lipoprotein metabolism in lipase deficient states: studies in primary and secondary hyperlipidaemia. Biochem Soc Trans. 1993, 21: 503-506.
 
29.
McCall M, van den Berg J, Kuypers F, Tribble D, Krauss R, Knoff L, Forte T: Modification of LCAT activity and HDL structure. New links between cigarette smoke and coronary heart disease risk. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994, 14: 248-253.
 
30.
Ashakumary L, Vijayammal P: Effect of nicotine on lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Lipids. 1997, 32: 311-315. 10.1007/s11745-997-0038-8.
 
31.
Li H, Liu D, Liang C: Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms, oxidative stress, and diseases. J Mol Med. 2003, 81: 766-779. 10.1007/s00109-003-0481-4.
 
32.
Oda M, Bielicki J, Ho T, Berger T, Rubin E, Forte T: Paraoxonase 1 overexpression in mice and its effect on high-density lipoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002, 290: 921-927. 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6295.
 
33.
Shih D, Gu L, Xia Y, Navab M, Li W, Hama S, Castellani L, Furlong C, Costa L, Fogelman A, Lusis A: Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature. 1998, 394: 284-287. 10.1038/28406.
 
34.
Sanchez Bayle M, Gonzalez Requejo A, Ruiz-Jarabo C, Vila S, Arnaiz P, Asensio J, Baeza J: Smoking and apolipoproteins in adolescents. The Niño Jesus Group. J Adolesc Health. 1992, 13: 524-527. 10.1016/1054-139X(92)90018-7.
 
35.
Fisher S, Zareba W, Moss A, Marder V, Sparks C, Hochman J, Liang C, Krone R: Effect of smoking on lipid and thrombogenic factors two months after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2000, 86: 813-818. 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01098-5.
 
36.
Durrington P, Hunt L, Ishola M, Kane J, Stephens W: Serum apolipoproteins AI and B and lipoproteins in middle aged men with and without previous myocardial infarction. Br Heart J. 1986, 56: 206-212. 10.1136/hrt.56.3.206.
 
37.
Maciejko J, Holmes D, Kottke B, Zinsmeister A, Dinh D, Mao S: Apolipoprotein A-I as a marker of angiographically assessed coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1983, 309: 385-389. 10.1056/NEJM198308183090701.
 
38.
Freedman D, Srinivasan S, Shear C, Franklin F, Webber L, Berenson G: The relation of apolipoproteins A-I and B in children to parental myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1986, 315: 721-726. 10.1056/NEJM198609183151202.
 
39.
Stubbe I, Eskilsson J, Nilsson-Ehle P: High-density lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982, 284: 1511-1513. 10.1136/bmj.284.6328.1511.
 
 
CITATIONS (17):
1.
Novel Lipidomic Biomarkers in Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Integrative Biology Analysis
Sneha Rai, Sonika Bhatnagar
OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology
 
2.
Long-Term Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Changes in MiRNA Expression and Proteome in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Jayshree Advani, Yashwanth Subbannayya, Krishna Patel, Aafaque Ahmad Khan, Arun H. Patil, Ankit P. Jain, Hitendra S. Solanki, Aneesha Radhakrishnan, Sneha M. Pinto, Nandini A. Sahasrabuddhe, Joji K. Thomas, Premendu P. Mathur, Bipin G. Nair, Xiaofei Chang, T.S. Keshava Prasad, David Sidransky, Harsha Gowda, Aditi Chatterjee
OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology
 
3.
Relationship between hair nicotine levels with blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile and leptin among healthy male smokers in Kelantan
Zulkefli B. Sanip, Muhammad Z.B. Suhaimi, Che N. Man, Aida H.B.G. Rasool, Harmy B.M. Yusoff
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences
 
4.
Heart and Toxins
Mahmood Ahmad, Emmanuel Selvaraj, Ramachandran Meenakshisundaram
 
5.
Genome-wide association study identifies common variants associated with circulating vitamin E levels
Jacqueline M. Major, Kai Yu, William Wheeler, Hong Zhang, Marilyn C. Cornelis, Margaret E. Wright, Meredith Yeager, Kirk Snyder, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Alison Mondul, Heather Eliassen, Mark Purdue, Aditi Hazra, Catherine A. McCarty, Sara Hendrickson, Jarmo Virtamo, David Hunter, Stephen Chanock, Peter Kraft, Demetrius Albanes
Human Molecular Genetics
 
6.
Effect of cigarette smoking on paraoxonase 1 activity according to PON1 L55M and PON1 Q192R gene polymorphisms
Dhouha Haj Mouhamed, Asma Ezzaher, Anwar Mechri, Fadoua Neffati, Asma Omezzine, Ali Bouslama, Lotfi Gaha, Wahiba Douki, Mohamed Fadhel Najjar
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
 
7.
Association between cigarette smoking and dyslipidemia
D. Haj Mouhamed, A. Ezzaher, F. Neffati, L. Gaha, W. Douki, M.F. Najjar
Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée
 
8.
Associations between smoking and lipid/lipoprotein concentrations among US adults aged ≥20 years
Ram B Jain, Alan Ducatman
Journal of Circulating Biomarkers
 
9.
A comparison clinical study between Water-Pipe and cigarettes males smokers on serum lipid profile and blood hemoglobin concentration in the Thi-Qar governorate
Mohammad Sultan
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
 
10.
LIPID PROFILE IN CURRENT SMOKERS WITH COPD
Vundela Nishanth, Goutam B, Sailaja K
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences
 
11.
EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN LIPID PROFILE, BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), BLOOD PRESSURE (BP), RESTING HEART RATE AND RR INTERVAL IN HEALTHY SMOKERS AND COMPARE IT WITH NON-SMOKERS
Chandmal Agarwal, Rishabh Gupta, Puneet Rijhwani, Shekhar Capoor, Silky Singla
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences
 
12.
The Association of Smoking Status and Intensity of Smoking with Blood Lipid Spectrum in a Sample of Middle-Aged Men
A. Alexandrov, V. Rozanov, M. Kotova, V. Dadaeva, E. Ivanova
Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology
 
13.
Effects of cigarette smoking on blood lipids in Korean men: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort
Soo Kim, Hyeon Kim, Jee-Seon Shim, Dae Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine
 
14.
Association of common gene-smoking interactions with elevated plasma apolipoprotein B concentration
Nathalie Roy, Daniel Gaudet, Gérald Tremblay, Diane Brisson
Lipids in Health and Disease
 
15.
Smoking and apolipoprotein levels: A meta-analysis of published data
Alba Kauss, Meagan Antunes, La de, Sandrine Pouly, Matthew Hankins, Annie Heremans, der van
Toxicology Reports
 
16.
Effect of smoking on vital hemodynamic parameters and lipid profile of young smokers
Bhupendra Jain, Ashwin Songara, U Chandrakantham, Jyoti Nagwanshi
IMC Journal of Medical Science
 
17.
ALASCA: An R package for longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of multivariate data by ASCA-based methods
Anders Jarmund, Torfinn Madssen, Guro Giskeødegård
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
 
eISSN:1617-9625
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top