Recent manuscripts
Archive
Aims and Scope
Editorial Board
Open Access
Indexing
Contact us
Authorship & COI
Principles of Transparency Checklist
Publication Ethics
Crossmark
Data Policies
Supporting Diversity
Instructions to authors (PDF)
Manuscript Types
Manuscript Formatting
How to submit
Special Publications & Reprints
Preprints
TID on Twitter
RESEARCH PAPER
Immediate effects of cigar smoking on respiratory mechanics and exhaled biomarkers; differences between young smokers with mild asthma and otherwise healthy young smokers
Panagiotis K. Behrakis
1,2,3
| 1 | George D Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, Athens, Greece |
| 2 | Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece |
| 3 | Institute of Public Health, American College of Greece, Athens, Greece |
| 4 | Department of hygiene, epidemiology and medical statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Andreas S. Lappas
George D Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 8 Doryleou Str, P.C. 11521 Athens, Greece
George D Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 8 Doryleou Str, P.C. 11521 Athens, Greece
Submission date: 2015-11-04
Acceptance date: 2016-08-11
Publication date: 2016-08-18
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2016;14(August):29
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
We aimed to investigate the immediate respiratory effects of cigar smoking(CS), among young smokers with and without mild asthma.
Materials and methods:
Forty-seven young smokers (18–31years old, 29 males, average pack-years = 3.6 ± 2.8) were enrolled. Twenty-two were mild asthmatics(MA-subgroup) and the remaining 25 were otherwise healthy smokers(HS-subgroup). Exhaled carbon monoxide(eCO), multi-frequency respiratory system impedance(Z), resistance(R), reactance(X), frequency-dependence of resistance(fdr = R5Hz - R20Hz), resonant frequency(fres), reactance area(AX) and exhaled nitric oxide(FENO) were measured at the aforementioned sequence, before and immediately after 30 min of CS, or equal session in the smoking area while using a sham cigar(control group). Chi-square, student’s t-tests, mixed linear models and Pearson correlation tests were used for the statistical analysis; level of significance was defined as p < 0.05.
Results:
Immediately after CS, Z5Hz, R5Hz, R10Hz, R20Hz and eCO increased significantly in both subgroups(MA and HS). A greater increase was found for R20 in HS-subgroup. Fdr, fres and AX increased in MA, while decreased in HS. On the contrary, X10 decreased in MA and increased in HS, while X20 showed a greater decrease in MA. Changes in fdr, fres and AX were significantly correlated in both subgroups. No significant FENO alterations were detected in both subgroups.
Conclusions:
CS has immediate effects on pulmonary function. Mild asthma predisposes to higher increase of peripheral resistance(increased fdr). In otherwise healthy smokers, central resistance(R20Hz) is more affected. FENO levels are not significantly affected by CS.
We aimed to investigate the immediate respiratory effects of cigar smoking(CS), among young smokers with and without mild asthma.
Materials and methods:
Forty-seven young smokers (18–31years old, 29 males, average pack-years = 3.6 ± 2.8) were enrolled. Twenty-two were mild asthmatics(MA-subgroup) and the remaining 25 were otherwise healthy smokers(HS-subgroup). Exhaled carbon monoxide(eCO), multi-frequency respiratory system impedance(Z), resistance(R), reactance(X), frequency-dependence of resistance(fdr = R5Hz - R20Hz), resonant frequency(fres), reactance area(AX) and exhaled nitric oxide(FENO) were measured at the aforementioned sequence, before and immediately after 30 min of CS, or equal session in the smoking area while using a sham cigar(control group). Chi-square, student’s t-tests, mixed linear models and Pearson correlation tests were used for the statistical analysis; level of significance was defined as p < 0.05.
Results:
Immediately after CS, Z5Hz, R5Hz, R10Hz, R20Hz and eCO increased significantly in both subgroups(MA and HS). A greater increase was found for R20 in HS-subgroup. Fdr, fres and AX increased in MA, while decreased in HS. On the contrary, X10 decreased in MA and increased in HS, while X20 showed a greater decrease in MA. Changes in fdr, fres and AX were significantly correlated in both subgroups. No significant FENO alterations were detected in both subgroups.
Conclusions:
CS has immediate effects on pulmonary function. Mild asthma predisposes to higher increase of peripheral resistance(increased fdr). In otherwise healthy smokers, central resistance(R20Hz) is more affected. FENO levels are not significantly affected by CS.
REFERENCES (45)
1.
Kougias M, Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, et al. The acute effect of cigarette smoking on the respiratory function and FENO production among young smokers. Exp Lung Res. 2013;39(8):359–64.
2.
Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, et al. Short term pulmonary effects of using an e-cigarette. Impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest. 2012;141(6):1400–6.
3.
Hakim F, Hellou E, Goldbart A, et al. The acute effects of water-pipe smoking on the cardiorespiratory system. Chest. 2011;139(4):775–81.
4.
Bentur L, Hellou E, Goldbart A, et al. Laboratory and clinical acute effects of active and passive indoor group water-pipe (narghile) smoking. Chest. 2014;145(4):803–9.
5.
Rodriguez J, Jiang R, Johnson CW, et al. The association of pipe and cigar use with cotinine levels, lung function, and airflow obstruction. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:201–10.
6.
Silverman RA, Boudreaux ED, Woodruff PG, et al. Cigarette smoking among asthmatic adults presenting to 64 emergency departments. Chest. 2003;123:1472–9.
7.
Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, et al. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1194–200.
8.
Althuis MD, Sexton M, Prybylski D. Cigarette smoking and asthma symptom severity among adult asthmatics. J Asthma. 1999;36:257–64.
9.
Papaioannou AI, Koutsokera A, Tanou K, et al. The acute effect of smoking in healthy and asthmatic smokers. Eur J Clin Invest. 2010;40(2):103–9.
10.
Baker F, Ainsworth SR, Dye JT, et al. Health risks associated with cigar smoking. JAMA. 2000;284:735–40.
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students–United States, 2011 and 2012. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(45):893–7 [accessed 14 Nov 2013].
12.
National Health Interview Survey, Methodology Report. National Youth Tobacco Survey. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009.
13.
Johnston L, O’Malley PM, Backman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2010. Bethesda: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on drug Abuse; 2011.
14.
Amarananda S, Ballerio G, Basset JC et al. Tobacco Free Initative Meeting on Tobacco and Religion. Report No: WHO Report WHO/NCD/TFI/99.12. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.
15.
Al-Kubati M, Al-Kubati AS, al’Absi M, Fiser B. The shortterm effect of water-pipe smoking on the baroreflex control of heart rate in normotensives. Auton Neurosci. 2006;126–127:146–9.
16.
Flouris AD, Metsios GS, Carrillo AE, et al. Acute and short-term effects of secondhand smoke on lung function and cytokine production. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(11):1029–33.
17.
van der Vaart H, Postma DS, Timens W, ten Hacken NH. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax. 2004;59(8):713–21.
18.
Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force, Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319–38.
19.
Oostveen E, MacLeod D, Lorino H, et al. The forced oscillation technique in clinical practice: methodology, recommendations and future developments, ERS Task Force. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:1026–104.
20.
McCulloch CE, Neuhaus JM. Generalized, Linear and Mixed Models. London: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
21.
Detry MA, Ma Y. Analyzing Repeated Measurements Using Mixed Models. JAMA. 2016;315(4):407–8.
22.
Goldman AL. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in primary and secondary cigar and pipe smokers. Chest. 1977;72(1):33–5.
23.
Wald N, Idle M, Boreham J, et al. Carbon monoxide in breath in relation to smoking and carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Thorax. 1981;36:366–9.
24.
Whincup P, Papacosta O, Lennon L, et al. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels and their determinants in older British men. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:189.
25.
Black LD, Henderson AC, Atileh H, et al. Relating maximum airway dilation and subsequent reconstruction to reactivity in human lungs. J Appl Physiol. 1994;96:1808–14.
26.
Salome CM, Thorpe CW, Diba C, et al. Airway re-narrowing following deep inspiration in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:62–8.
27.
Blonshine S, Goldman MD. Optimizing performance of respiratory airflow resistance measurements. Chest. 2008;134(6):1304–9.
28.
Kharitonov SA, Alving K, Barnes PJ. Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide measurements: recommendations. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:1683–93.
29.
Vink GR, Arets HG, van der Laag J, et al. Impulse oscillometry: a measure for airway obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;35(3):214–9.
30.
Klepeis NE, Apte MG, Gundel LA, et al. Determining Size-Specific Emission Factors for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles. Aerosol Sci Technol. 2003;37:780–90.
31.
Churg A, Brauer M. Human lung parenchyma retains PM2.5. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(6):2109–11.
32.
Kim CS, Fisher DM, Lutz DJ, et al. Particle deposition in bifurcating airway models with varying airway geometry. J Aerosol Sci. 1994;25(3):567–81.
33.
Grimby G, Takishima T, Graham W, et al. Frequency dependence of flow resistance in patients with obstructive lung disease. J Clin Invest. 1968;47:1455–65.
34.
Goldman M, Saadeh C, Ross D. Clinical applications of forced oscillation to assess peripheral airway function. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2005;148:179–94.
35.
Skloot G, Goldman M, Fischler D, et al. Respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site. Chest. 2004;125:1248–55.
36.
Di Mango AMGT, Lopes AJ, et al. Changes in respiratory mechanics with increasing degrees of airway obstruction in COPD: Detection by forced oscillation technique. Respir Med. 2006;100:399–410.
37.
Kolsum U, Borrill Z, Roy K, et al. Impulse oscillometry in COPD: Identification of measurements related to airway obstruction, airway conductance and lung volumes. Respir Med. 2009;103:136–43.
38.
Crim C, Celli B, Edwards LD, et al. Respiratory system impedance with impulse oscillometry in healthy and COPD subjects: ECLIPSE baseline results. Respir Med. 2011;105:1069–78.
39.
Thorpe CW, Bates JH. Effect of stochastic heterogeneity on lung impedance during acute bronchoconstriction: a model analysis. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82(5):1616–25.
40.
Lutchen KR, Greenstein JL, Suki B. How inhomogeneities and airway walls affect frequency dependence and separation of airway and tissue properties. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80:1696–707.
41.
Kharitonov SA, Robbins RA, Yates D, et al. Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(2):609–12.
42.
Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, et al. Acute pulmonary effects of sidestream secondhand smoke at simulated car concentrations. Xenobiotica. 2013;43(6):509–13.
43.
Hoyt JC, Robbins RA, Habib M, et al. Cigarette smoke decreases inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res. 2003;29:17–28.
44.
Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:602–15.
45.
Rytilä P, Rehn T, Ilumets H, et al. Increased oxidative stress in asymptomatic current chronic smokers and GOLD stage 0 COPD. Respir Res. 2006;7:69.
CITATIONS (6):
1.
Review of biomarkers to assess the effects of switching from cigarettes to modified risk tobacco products
Michael John Peck, Edward B. Sanders, Gerhard Scherer, Frank Lüdicke, Rolf Weitkunat
Biomarkers
Michael John Peck, Edward B. Sanders, Gerhard Scherer, Frank Lüdicke, Rolf Weitkunat
Biomarkers
2.
Passive Exposure to E-cigarette Emissions: Immediate Respiratory Effects
Anna Tzortzi, Stephanie Teloniatis, George Matiampa, Gerasimos Bakelas, Vergina Vyzikidou, Constantine Vardavas, Panagiotis Behrakis, Esteve Fernandez
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation
Anna Tzortzi, Stephanie Teloniatis, George Matiampa, Gerasimos Bakelas, Vergina Vyzikidou, Constantine Vardavas, Panagiotis Behrakis, Esteve Fernandez
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation
3.
Acute effects of e-cigarette vaping on pulmonary function and airway inflammation in healthy individuals and in patients with asthma
Serafeim-Chrysovalantis Kotoulas, Athanasia Pataka, Kalliopi Domvri, Dionisios Spyratos, Paraskevi Katsaounou, Konstantinos Porpodis, Evangelia Fouka, Aikaterini Markopoulou, Katalin Passa-Fekete, Ioanna Grigoriou, Theodoros Kontakiotis, Paraskevi Argyropoulou, Despoina Papakosta
Respirology
Serafeim-Chrysovalantis Kotoulas, Athanasia Pataka, Kalliopi Domvri, Dionisios Spyratos, Paraskevi Katsaounou, Konstantinos Porpodis, Evangelia Fouka, Aikaterini Markopoulou, Katalin Passa-Fekete, Ioanna Grigoriou, Theodoros Kontakiotis, Paraskevi Argyropoulou, Despoina Papakosta
Respirology
4.
Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)
Cindy Chang, Brian Rostron, Joanne Chang, Catherine Corey, Heather Kimmel, Connie Sosnoff, Maciej Goniewicz, Kathryn Edwards, Dorothy Hatsukami, Yuesong Wang, Valle-Pinero Del, Maocheng Yang, Mark Travers, Stephen Arnstein, Kristie Taylor, Kevin Conway, Bridget Ambrose, Nicolette Borek, Andrew Hyland, Lanqing Wang, Benjamin Blount, Bemmel van
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cindy Chang, Brian Rostron, Joanne Chang, Catherine Corey, Heather Kimmel, Connie Sosnoff, Maciej Goniewicz, Kathryn Edwards, Dorothy Hatsukami, Yuesong Wang, Valle-Pinero Del, Maocheng Yang, Mark Travers, Stephen Arnstein, Kristie Taylor, Kevin Conway, Bridget Ambrose, Nicolette Borek, Andrew Hyland, Lanqing Wang, Benjamin Blount, Bemmel van
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
5.
Longitudinal associations between exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use and asthma among US youth
Delvon Mattingly, Steven Cook, Jana Hirschtick, Akash Patel, Douglas Arenberg, Geoffrey Barnes, David Levy, Rafael Meza, Nancy Fleischer
Preventive Medicine
Delvon Mattingly, Steven Cook, Jana Hirschtick, Akash Patel, Douglas Arenberg, Geoffrey Barnes, David Levy, Rafael Meza, Nancy Fleischer
Preventive Medicine
6.
Prevalence of active and passive smoking among asthma and asthma-associated emergency admissions: a nationwide prevalence survey study
Irina Balan, Syed Mahmood, Richa Jaiswal, Yelena Pleshkova, Divya Manivannan, Shayaan Negit, Viraj Shah, Prarthana Desai, Narayana Akula, Muhammad Nawaz, Namratha Gurram, Raghavendra Tirupathi, Urvish Patel, Vikramaditya Venkata
Journal of Investigative Medicine
Irina Balan, Syed Mahmood, Richa Jaiswal, Yelena Pleshkova, Divya Manivannan, Shayaan Negit, Viraj Shah, Prarthana Desai, Narayana Akula, Muhammad Nawaz, Namratha Gurram, Raghavendra Tirupathi, Urvish Patel, Vikramaditya Venkata
Journal of Investigative Medicine
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.