REVIEW PAPER
Genetics of Tobacco Use
| 1 | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA |
| 2 | Department of Oral Health Policy & Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, USA |
| 3 | Ingenix Epidemiology, Newton, USA |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Athanasios I. Zavras
Department of Oral Health Policy & Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
Department of Oral Health Policy & Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
Publication date: 2004-06-15
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2004;2(June):81
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The worldwide prevalence of tobacco use is widespread, resulting in nearly 4.5 million deaths every year. Nicotine is addictive and has psychopharmacological effects that maintain the use of tobacco products. Several studies have documented a strong hereditary component to tobacco use. The present article reviews results from twin and adoption studies and proceeds to present association studies of specific genes that may be involved in tobacco use. Cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta polypeptide 2, serotonin receptor and transporter genes, dopamine receptor and transporter genes, and the cytochrome P450A6 gene are reviewed. Linkage studies help to identify regions of the genome that may be worth further investigation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations of genetic research and the future of genetic epidemiology in this domain.
REFERENCES (161)
1.
Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs – United States, 1995–1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2002, 51: 300-303.
2.
Cigarette smoking among adults – United States, 2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2002, 51: 642-645.
3.
Tobacco Dependence. World Health Organization Fact Sheet. 1999, 222: [http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/f...].
4.
WHO Urges Countries to Prevent a Tobacco Epidemic Among Women and Girls. 2001, World Health Organization Press Release WHO/27, [http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2001...].
5.
Results from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Summary of National Findings. Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Series H-17. 2002, Washington, DC.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, I.
6.
McNeill AD, West RJ, Jarvis M, Jackson P, Bryant A: Cigarette withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers. Psychopharmacology. 1986, 90: 533-536.
8.
Jarvis MJ: Epidemiology of cigarette smoking and cessation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Monograph. 2003, 18: 6-11.
9.
Wilcox NS, Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Di-Clemente CC: Subject characteristics as predictors of self-change in smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 1985, 10: 407-412.
10.
Lerman C, Niaura R: Applying genetic approaches to the treatment of nicotine dependence. Oncogene. 2002, 21: 7412-7420.
11.
Nelson DE, Giovino GA, Shopland DR, Mowery PD, Mills SL, Eriksen MP: Trends in cigarette smoking among US adolescents, 1974 through 1991. American Journal of Public Health. 1995, 85: 34-40.
12.
King G: The "race" concept in smoking: a review of the research on African Americans. Social Sciences and Medicine. 1997, 45: 1075-1087.
13.
King TK, Borrelli B, Black C, Pinto BM, Marcus BH: Minority women and tobacco: implications for smoking cessation interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1997, 19: 301-313.
14.
Zeman MV, Hiraki L, Sellers EM: Gender differences in tobacco smoking: higher relative exposure to smoke than nicotine in women. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2002, 11: 147-153.
15.
Hu S, Brody CL, Fisher C, Gunzerath L, Nelson ML, Sabol SZ, Sirota LA, Marcus SE, Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Hamer DH: Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene and neuroticism in cigarette smoking behavior. Molecular Psychiatry. 2000, 5: 181-188.
16.
Pomerleau CS, Pomerleau OF, Flessland KA, Basson SM: Relationship of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire scores and smoking variables in female and male smokers. Journal of Substance Abuse. 1992, 4: 143-154.
17.
Wills TA, Vaccaro D, McNamara G: Novelty seeking, risk taking, and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: an application of Cloninger's theory. Journal of Substance Abuse. 1994, 6: 1-20.
18.
Masse LC, Tremblay RE: Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997, 54: 62-68.
19.
Rowland AS, Lesesne CA, Abramowitz AJ: The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a public health view. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2002, 8: 162-170.
20.
Breslau N, Kilbey M, Andreski P: Nicotine dependence, major depression, and anxiety in young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991, 48: 1069-1074.
21.
Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, Mast EE, Giovino GA, Remington PL: Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990, 264: 1541-1545.
22.
Niaura R, Britt DM, Shadel WG, Goldstein M, Abrams D, Brown R: Symptoms of depression and survival experience among three samples of smokers trying to quit. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2001, 15: 13-17.
23.
Lerman C, Caporaso N, Main D, Audrain J, Boyd NR, Bowman ED, Shields PG: Depression and self-medication with nicotine: the modifying influence of the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Health Psychology. 1998, 17: 56-62.
24.
Gilbert DG, Gilbert BO: Personality, psychopathology, and nicotine response as mediators of the genetics of smoking. Behavior Genetics. 1995, 25: 133-147.
25.
Noble EP: D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003, 116: 103-125.
26.
Johnson EO, Bree van den MB, Uhl GR, Pickens RW: Indicators of genetic and environmental influences in drug abusing individuals. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1996, 41: 17-23.
27.
Noble EP, St Jeor ST, Ritchie T, Syndulko K, St Jeor SC, Fitch RJ, Brunner RL, Sparkes RS: D2 dopamine receptor gene and cigarette smoking: a reward gene?. Medical Hypotheses. 1994, 42: 257-260.
28.
Caskey NH, Jarvik ME, Wirshing WC, Madsen DC, Iwamoto-Schaap PN, Eisenberger NI, Huerta L, Terrace SM, Olmstead RE: Modulating tobacco smoking rates by dopaminergic stimulation and blockade. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2002, 4: 259-266.
29.
Mihailescu S, Palomero-Rivero M, Meade-Huerta P, Maza-Flores A, Drucker-Colin R: Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine on rat dorsal raphe neurons. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1998, 360: 31-36.
30.
Ribeiro EB, Bettiker RL, Bogdanov M, Wurtman RJ: Effects of systemic nicotine on serotonin release in rat brain. Brain Research. 1993, 621: 311-8.
31.
Blum K, Braverman ER, Holder JM, Lubar JF, Monastra VJ, Miller D, Lubar JO, Chen TJ, Comings DE: Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2000, 32 (Suppl): i-iv. 1–112.
32.
Dursun SM, Kutcher S: Smoking, nicotine and psychiatric disorders: evidence for therapeutic role, controversies and implications for future research. Medical Hypotheses. 1999, 52: 101-109.
33.
Arinami T, Ishiguro H, Onaivi ES: Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000, 410: 215-226.
34.
Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Mathew RJ, London ED, Hawk TC, Turkington TG, Coleman RE: PET studies of the influences of nicotine on neural systems in cigarette smokers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003, 160: 323-333.
35.
Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Wang GJ, Gatley SJ: Imaging the neurochemistry of nicotine actions: studies with positron emission tomography. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 1999, 1: S127-132. discussion S139–140.
36.
Salokangas RK, Vilkman H, Ilonen T, Taiminen T, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Alanen A, Syvalahti E, Hietala J: High levels of dopamine activity in the basal ganglia of cigarette smokers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000, 157: 632-634.
37.
Czermak C, Lehofer M, Wagner EM, Prietl B, Gorkiewicz G, Lemonis L, Rohrhofer A, Legl T, Schauenstein K, Liebmann PM: Reduced dopamine D3 receptor expression in blood lymphocytes of smokers is negatively correlated with daily number of smoked cigarettes: a peripheral correlate of dopaminergic alterations in smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2004, 6: 49-54.
38.
Martin-Solch C, Magyar S, Kunig G, Missimer J, Schultz W, Leenders KL: Changes in brain activation associated with reward processing in smokers and nonsmokers. A positron emission tomography study. Experimental Brain Research. 2001, 139: 278-286.
39.
Buccafusco JJ, Terry AV: The potential role of cotinine in the cognitive and neuroprotective actions of nicotine. Life Sciences. 2003, 72: 2931-2942.
40.
Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R: Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature. 1996, 379: 733-736.
41.
Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Franceschi D, Logan J, Pappas N, Shea C, MacGregor RR, Garza V: Smoking a single cigarette does not produce a measurable reduction in brain MAO B in non-smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 1999, 1: 325-329.
42.
Benowitz NL, Jacob P: Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual stable isotope method. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994, 56: 483-493.
43.
Hatsukami DK, Grillo M, Pentel PR, Oncken C, Bliss R: Safety of cotinine in humans: physiologic, subjective, and cognitive effects. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 1997, 57: 643-650.
44.
Balfour DJK: The psychopharmacology of tobacco dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Monograph. 2003, 18: 12-21.
45.
Heath AC, Kirk KM, Meyer JM, Martin NG: Genetic and social determinants of initiation and age at onset of smoking in Australian twins. Behavior Genetics. 1999, 29: 395-407.
46.
Madden PA, Heath AC, Pedersen NL, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo MJ, Martin NG: The genetics of smoking persistence in men and women: a multicultural study. Behavior Genetics. 1999, 29: 423-431.
47.
Sullivan PF, Kendler KS: The genetic epidemiology of smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 1999, 1: S51-57. discussion S69–70.
48.
Batra V, Patkar AA, Berrettini WH, Weinstein SP, Leone FT: The genetic determinants of smoking. Chest. 2003, 123: 1730-1739.
50.
Kendler KS, Neale MC, Sullivan P, Corey LA, Gardner CO, Prescott CA: A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Psychological Medicine. 1999, 29: 299-308.
51.
Xian H, Scherrer J, Madden P, Lyons M, Tsuang M, True W, Eisen S: The heritability of failed smoking cessation and nicotine withdrawal in twins who smoked and attempted to quit. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2003, 5: 245-254.
52.
Koopmans JR, Slutske WS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Boomsma DI: The genetics of smoking initiation and quantity smoked in Dutch adolescent and young adult twins. Behavior Genetics. 1999, 29: 383-393.
53.
Stallings MC, Hewitt JK, Beresford T, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: A twin study of drinking and smoking onset and latencies from first use to regular use. Behavior Genetics. 1999, 29: 409-421.
54.
Legrand LN, McGue M, Iacono WG: Searching for interactive effects in the etiology of early-onset substance use. Behavior Genetics. 1999, 29: 433-444.
55.
Osler M, Holst C, Prescott E, Sorensen TI: Influence of genes and family environment on adult smoking behavior assessed in an adoption study. Genetic Epidemiology. 2001, 21: 193-200.
56.
Lerman C, Berrettini W: Elucidating the role of genetic factors in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003, 118B: 48-54.
57.
Malhotra AK, Goldman D: Benefits and pitfalls encountered in psychiatric genetic association studies. Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 45: 544-550.
58.
Schork NJ, Fallin D, Thiel B, Xu X, Broeckel U, Jacob HJ, Cohen D: The future of genetic case-control studies. Advances in Genetics. 2001, 42: 191-212.
59.
Shi J, Hui L, Xu Y, Wang F, Huang W, Hu G: Sequence variations in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) associated with human addiction to heroin. Human Mutation. 2002, 19: 459-460.
60.
Hutcheson DM, Matthes HW, Valjent E, Sanchez-Blazquez P, Rodriguez-Diaz M, Garzon J, Kieffer BL, Maldonado R: Lack of dependence and rewarding effects of deltorphin II in mu-opioid receptor-deficient mice. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001, 13: 153-161.
61.
Ghozland S, Matthes HW, Simonin F, Filliol D, Kieffer BL, Maldonado R: Motivational effects of cannabinoids are mediated by mu-opioid and kappa-opioid receptors. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002, 22: 1146-1154.
62.
Roberts AJ, McDonald JS, Heyser CJ, Kieffer BL, Matthes HW, Koob GF, Gold LH: mu-Opioid receptor knockout mice do not self-administer alcohol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000, 293: 1002-1008.
63.
Berrendero F, Kieffer BL, Maldonado R: Attenuation of nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and dependence in mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002, 22: 10935-10940.
64.
Comings DE, Blum K: Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research. 2000, 126: 325-341.
65.
Picciotto MR, Corrigall WA: Neuronal systems underlying behaviors related to nicotine addiction: neural circuits and molecular genetics. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002, 22: 3338-3341.
66.
Silverman MA, Neale MC, Sullivan PF, Harris-Kerr C, Wormley B, Sadek H, Ma Y, Kendler KS, Straub RE: Haplotypes of four novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta2-subunit (CHRNB2) gene show no association with smoking initiation or nicotine dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000, 96: 646-653.
67.
Duga S, Solda G, Asselta R, Bonati MT, Dalpra L, Malcovati M, Tenchini ML: Characterization of the genomic structure of the human neuronalnicotinic acetylcholine receptor CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster and identification of novel intragenic polymorphisms. Journal of Human Genetics. 2001, 46: 640-648.
68.
Gault J, Robinson M, Berger R, Drebing C, Logel J, Hopkins J, Moore T, Jacobs S, Meriwether J, Choi MJ, Kim EJ, Walton K, Buiting K, Davis A, Breese C, Freedman R, Leonard S: Genomic organization and partial duplication of the human alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene (CHRNA7). Genomics. 1998, 52: 173-185.
69.
Nielsen DA, Jenkins GL, Stefanisko KM, Jefferson KK, Goldman D: Sequence, splice site and population frequency distribution analyses of the polymorphic human tryptophan hydroxylase intron 7. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 1997, 45: 145-148.
70.
Manuck SB, Flory JD, Ferrell RE, Dent KM, Mann JJ, Muldoon MF: Aggression and anger-related traits associated with a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 45: 603-614.
71.
Sullivan PF, Jiang Y, Neale MC, Kendler KS, Straub RE: Association of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with smoking initiation but not progression to nicotine dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001, 105: 479-484.
72.
Lerman C, Caporaso NE, Bush A, Zheng YL, Audrain J, Main D, Shields PG: Tryptophan hydroxylase gene variant and smoking behavior. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001, 105: 518-520.
73.
Ebstein RP, Segman R, Benjamin J, Osher Y, Nemanov L, Belmaker RH: 5-HT2C (HTR2C) serotonin receptor gene polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of reward dependence: interaction with dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) and dopamine D3 receptor (D3DR) polymorphisms. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997, 74: 65-72.
74.
Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, Benjamin J, Muller CR, Hamer DH, Murphy DL: Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 1996, 274: 1527-1531.
75.
Heils A, Mossner R, Lesch KP: The human serotonin transporter gene polymorphism – basic research and clinical implications. Journal of Neural Transmission. 1997, 104: 1005-1014.
76.
Lerman C, Shields PG, Audrain J, Main D, Cobb B, Boyd NR, Caporaso N: The role of the serotonin transporter gene in cigarette smoking. Cancer Epidemiolgy, Biomarkers & Prevention. 1998, 7: 253-255.
77.
Ishikawa H, Ohtsuki T, Ishiguro H, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Endo K, Lin YL, Yanagi H, Tsuchiya S, Kawata K, Hamaguchi H, Arinami T: Association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and smoking among Japanese males. Cancer Cancer Epidemiolgy, Biomarkers & Prevention. 1999, 8: 831-833.
78.
Lerman C, Caporaso NE, Audrain J, Main D, Boyd NR, Shields PG: Interacting effects of the serotonin transporter gene and neuroticism in smoking practices and nicotine dependence. Molecular Psychiatry. 2000, 5: 189-192.
79.
Kang AM, Palmatier MA, Kidd KK: Global variation of a 40-bp VNTR in the 3'-untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3). Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 46: 151-160.
80.
Vandenbergh DJ, Kozlowski LT, Bennett CJ, Grant MD, Strasser AA, O'Connor R, Stauffer RL, Vogler GP: DAT's not all, but it may be more than we realize. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2002, 4: 251-252.
81.
Jacobsen LK, Staley JK, Zoghbi SS, Seibyl JP, Kosten TR, Innis RB, Gelernter J: Prediction of dopamine transporter binding availability by genotype: a preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000, 157: 1700-1703.
82.
Heinz A, Goldman D, Jones DW, Palmour R, Hommer D, Gorey JG, Lee KS, Linnoila M, Weinberger DR: Genotype influences in vivo dopamine transporter availability in human striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000, 22: 133-139.
83.
Wong AH, Buckle CE, Van Tol HH: Polymorphisms in dopamine receptors: what do they tell us?. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000, 410: 183-203.
84.
Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Sheridan PJ: Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991, 48: 648-654.
85.
Smith SS, O'Hara BF, Persico AM, Gorelick DA, Newlin DB, Vlahov D, Solomon L, Pickens R, Uhl GR: Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse. The D2 dopamine receptor Taq I B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism appears more frequently in polysubstance abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992, 49: 723-727.
86.
Spitz MR, Shi H, Yang F, Hudmon KS, Jiang H, Chamberlain RM, Amos CI, Wan Y, Cinciripini P, Hong WK, Wu X: Case-control study of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and smoking status in lung cancer patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998, 90: 358-363.
87.
Gelernter J, Southwick S, Goodson S, Morgan A, Nagy L, Charney DS: No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) "A" system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 45: 620-625.
88.
Pohjalainen T, Rinne JO, Nagren K, Lehikoinen P, Anttila K, Syvalahti EK, Hietala J: The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene predicts low D2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Molecular Psychiatry. 1998, 3: 256-260.
89.
Thompson J, Thomas N, Singleton A, Piggott M, Lloyd S, Perry EK, Morris CM, Perry RH, Ferrier IN, Court JA: D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1 A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics. 1997, 7: 479-484.
90.
Jonsson EG, Nothen MM, Grunhage F, Farde L, Nakashima Y, Propping P, Sedvall GC: Polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and their relationships to striatal dopamine receptor density of healthy volunteers. Molecular Psychiatry. 1999, 4: 290-296.
91.
Laine TP, Ahonen A, Rasanen P, Pohjalainen T, Tiihonen J, Hietala J: The A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated with high dopamine transporter density in detoxified alcoholics. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2001, 36: 262-265.
92.
Comings DE: Molecular heterosis as the explanation for the controversy about the effect of the DRD2 gene on dopamine D2 receptor density. Molecular Psychiatry. 1999, 4: 213-215.
93.
Van Tol HH, Wu CM, Guan HC, Ohara K, Bunzow JR, Civelli O, Kennedy J, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Jovanovic V: Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature. 1992, 358: 149-152.
94.
Asghari V, Sanyal S, Buchwaldt S, Paterson A, Jovanovic V, Van Tol HH: Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1995, 65: 1157-1165.
95.
Van Tol HH, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Civelli O: Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature. 1991, 350: 610-614.
96.
Svingos AL, Periasamy S, Pickel VM: Presynaptic dopamine D(4) receptor localization in the rat nucleus accumbens shell. Synapse. 2000, 36: 222-232.
97.
Feldpausch DL, Needham LM, Stone MP, Althaus JS, Yamamoto BK, Svensson KA, Merchant KM: The role of dopamine D4 receptor in the induction of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and accompanying biochemical and molecular adaptations. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1998, 286: 497-508.
98.
Yoshida K, Hamajima N, Kozaki K, Saito H, Maeno K, Sugiura T, Ookuma K, Takahashi T: Association between the dopamine D2 receptor A2/A2 genotype and smoking behavior in the Japanese. Cancer Epidemiolgy, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2001, 10: 403-405.
99.
Vandenbergh DJ, Grant MD, O'Connor R, Strasser AA, Steverns V, Vogler GP, Kozlowski LT: The influence of dopamine receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3, & DRD4) on smoking status: smokers and non-smokers study (SANS). Abstract presented at Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2003 annual meeting: Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2003.
100.
Vandenbergh DJ, Bennett CJ, Grant MD, Strasser AA, O'Connor R, Stauffer RL, Vogler GP, Kozlowski LT: Smoking status and the human dopamine transporter variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism: failure to replicate and finding that never-smokers may be different. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2002, 4: 333-340.
101.
Wu X, Hudmon KS, Detry MA, Chamberlain RM, Spitz MR: D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms among African-Americans and Mexican-Americans: a lung cancer case-control study. Cancer Epidemiolgy, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2000, 9: 1021-1026.
102.
Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Edenberg HJ, Goate A, Foroud T, Cloninger CR, Begleiter H, Conneally PM, Crowe RR, Hesselbrock V, Li TK, Nurnberger JI, Porjesz B, Schuckit MA, Reich T: Family-based study of the association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) with habitual smoking. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000, 90: 299-302.
103.
Lerman C, Caporaso NE, Audrain J, Main D, Bowman ED, Lockshin B, Boyd NR, Shields PG: Evidence suggesting the role of specific genetic factors in cigarette smoking. Health Psychology. 1999, 18: 14-20.
104.
Sabol SZ, Nelson ML, Fisher C, Gunzerath L, Brody CL, Hu S, Sirota LA, Marcus SE, Greenberg BD, Lucas FRt, Benjamin J, Murphy DL, Hamer DH: A genetic association for cigarette smoking behavior. Health Psychology. 1999, 18: 7-13.
105.
Comings DE, Ferry L, Bradshaw-Robinson S, Burchette R, Chiu C, Muhleman D: The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking. Pharmacogenetics. 1996, 6: 73-79.
106.
Lee HS: Gender-specific molecular heterosis and association studies: Dopamine D2 receptor gene and smoking. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003, 118B: 55-59.
107.
Dluzen DE, Anderson LI: Estrogen differentially modulates nicotine-evoked dopamine release from the striatum of male and female rats. Neuroscience Letters. 1997, 230: 140-142.
108.
Erblich J, Lerman C, Self DW, Diaz GA, Bovbjerg DH: Stress-induced cigarette craving: effects of the DRD2 TaqI RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms. Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2004, 4 (2): 102-109.
109.
Johnstone E, Draper L, York E, Jacob R, Griffiths S, Murphy M, Walton RT: Characterisation of genetic variation in the human dopamine transporter gene and its relevance to smoking behavior. Abstract presented at Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2003 annual meeting: Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2003.
110.
Uhl G, Elme GI, LaBuda MC, Pickens RW: Genetic Influences in Drug Abuse. Psychopharmacology – The Fourth Generation of Progress: An Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Edited by: F B. 2000, Raven Press.
111.
Ring HZ, Swan GE, Valdes AM, Jack LM, Ton CC, Curry SJ, McAfee T: Dopamine receptor DRD2 genotype and smoking cessation outcome following treatment with bupropion SR. Abstract presented at Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2003 annual meeting: Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2003.
112.
David SP, Niaura R, Papandonatos GD, Shadel WG, Burkholder GJ, Britt DM, Day A, Stumpff J, Hutchison K, Murphy M, Johnstone E, Griffiths SE, Walton RT: Does the DRD2-Taq1 A polymorphism influence treatment response to bupropion hydrochloride for reduction of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome?. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2003, 5: 935-942.
113.
Shields PG, Lerman C, Audrain J, Bowman ED, Main D, Boyd NR, Caporaso NE: Dopamine D4 receptors and the risk of cigarette smoking in African-Americans and Caucasians. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 1998, 7: 453-458.
114.
Hutchison KE, LaChance H, Niaura R, Bryan A, Smolen A: The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism influences reactivity to smoking cues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002, 111: 134-143.
115.
Luciano M, Zhu G, Kirk KM, Whitfield JB, Butler R, Heath AC, Madden PA, Martin NG: Effects of dopamine receptor D4 variation on alcohol and tobacco use and on novelty seeking: multivariate linkage and association analysis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004, 124B: 113-123.
116.
McKinney EF, Walton RT, Yudkin P, Fuller A, Haldar NA, Mant D, Murphy M, Welsh KI, Marshall SE: Association between polymorphisms in dopamine metabolic enzymes and tobacco consumption in smokers. Pharmacogenetics. 2000, 10: 483-491.
117.
Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA: Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science. 1993, 262: 578-580.
118.
Shih JC, Chen K, Ridd MJ: Monoamine oxidase: from genes to behavior. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 1999, 22: 197-217.
119.
Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C, Alexoff D, MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Zezulkova I, Wolf AP: Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93: 14065-14069.
120.
Messina ES, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM: A major role for CYP2A6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1997, 282: 1608-1614.
121.
Yamazaki H, Inoue K, Hashimoto M, Shimada T: Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Archives of Toxicology. 1999, 73: 65-70.
122.
Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP: Ethnic-related differences in coumarin 7-hydroxylation activities catalyzed by cytochrome P4502A6 in liver microsomes of Japanese and Caucasian populations. Xenobiotica. 1996, 26: 395-403.
123.
Yun CH, Shimada T, Guengerich FP: Purification and characterization of human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 2A6. Molecular Pharmacology. 1991, 40: 679-685.
124.
Miles JS, McLaren AW, Forrester LM, Glancey MJ, Lang MA, Wolf CR: Identification of the human liver cytochrome P-450 responsible for coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Biochemical Journal. 1990, 267: 365-371.
125.
Camus AM, Geneste O, Honkakoski P, Bereziat JC, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Bartsch H, Lang MA: High variability of nitrosamine metabolism among individuals: role of cytochromes P450 2A6 and 2E1 in the dealkylation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine in mice and humans. Molecular Carcinogenesis. 1993, 7: 268-275.
126.
Cholerton S, Idle ME, Vas A, Gonzalez FJ, Idle JR: Comparison of a novel thin-layer chromatographic-fluorescence detection method with a spectrofluorometric method for the determination of 7-hydroxycoumarin in human urine. Journal of Chromatography. 1992, 575: 325-330.
127.
Rautio A, Kraul H, Kojo A, Salmela E, Pelkonen O: Interindividual variability of coumarin 7-hydroxylation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacogenetics. 1992, 2: 227-233.
128.
Iscan M, Rostami H, Guray T, Pelkonen O, Rautio A: Interindividual variability of coumarin 7-hydroxylation in a Turkish population. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994, 47: 315-318.
129.
Hadidi H, Irshaid Y, Vagbo CB, Brunsvik A, Cholerton S, Zahlsen K, Idle JR: Variability of coumarin 7- and 3-hydroxylation in a Jordanian population is suggestive of a functional polymorphism in cytochrome P450 CYP2A6. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998, 54: 437-441.
130.
Pearce R, Greenway D, Parkinson A: Species differences and interindividual variation in liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2A enzymes: effects on coumarin, dicumarol, and testosterone oxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1992, 298: 211-225.
131.
Schoedel KA, Sellers EM, Palmour R, Tyndale RF: Down-regulation of hepatic nicotine metabolism and a CYP2A6-like enzyme in African green monkeys after long-term nicotine administration. Molecular Pharmacology. 2003, 63: 96-104.
132.
Oscarson M, McLellan RA, Gullsten H, Agundez JA, Benitez J, Rautio A, Raunio H, Pelkonen O, Ingelman-Sundberg M: Identification and characterisation of novel polymorphisms in the CYP2A locus: implications for nicotine metabolism. FEBS Letters. 1999, 460: 321-327.
133.
Oscarson M: Genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) gene: implications for interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2001, 29: 91-95.
134.
Benowitz NL, Perez-Stable EJ, Fong I, Modin G, Herrera B, Jacob P: Ethnic differences in N-glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999, 291: 1196-1203.
135.
Benowitz NL, Jacob P: Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1984, 35: 499-504.
136.
Beckett AH, Gorrod JW, Jenner P: The effect of smoking on nicotine metabolism in vivo in man. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1971, 23: 62S-67S.
137.
Russel MSH: Nicotine intake and its regulation by smokers: Tobacco smoking and nicotine. Advances in Behavioral Biology. Edited by: Martin WR, Vauhon GR, Iwamoto ET, David L. 1997, New York: Plenum Press, 25-50.
138.
McMorrow MJ, Foxx RM: Nicotine's role in smoking: an analysis of nicotine regulation. Psychological Bulletin. 1983, 93: 302-327.
139.
Xu C, Goodz S, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF: CYP2A6 genetic variation and potential consequences. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2002, 54: 1245-1256.
140.
Kitagawa K, Kunugita N, Katoh T, Yang M, Kawamoto T: The significance of the homozygous CYP2A6 deletion on nicotine metabolism: a new genotyping method of CYP2A6 using a single PCR-RFLP. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999, 262: 146-151.
141.
Rao Y, Hoffmann E, Zia M, Bodin L, Zeman M, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF: Duplications and defects in the CYP2A6 gene: identification, genotyping, and in vivo effects on smoking. Molecular Pharmacology. 2000, 58: 747-755.
142.
Pianezza ML, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF: Nicotine metabolism defect reduces smoking. Nature. 1998, 393: 750.
143.
Caporaso NE, Lerman C, Audrain J, Boyd NR, Main D, Issaq HJ, Utermahlan B, Falk RT, Shields P: Nicotine metabolism and CYP2D6 phenotype in smokers. Cancer Epidemiolgy, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2001, 10: 261-263.
144.
Miyamoto M, Umetsu Y, Dosaka-Akita H, Sawamura Y, Yokota J, Kunitoh H, Nemoto N, Sato K, Ariyoshi N, Kamataki T: CYP2A6 gene deletion reduces susceptibility to lung cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999, 261: 658-660.
145.
Zhang W, Kilicarslan T, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM: Evaluation of methoxsalen, tranylcypromine, and tryptamine as specific and selective CYP2A6 inhibitors in vitro. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2001, 29: 897-902.
146.
Tyndale RF, Sellers EM: Genetic variation in CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism alters smoking behavior. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2002, 24: 163-171.
147.
Sellers EM, Kaplan HL, Tyndale RF: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2A6 increases nicotine's oral bioavailability and decreases smoking. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000, 68: 35-43.
148.
Straub RE, Sullivan PF, Ma Y, Myakishev MV, Harris-Kerr C, Wormley B, Kadambi B, Sadek H, Silverman MA, Webb BT, Neale MC, Bulik CM, Joyce PR, Kendler KS: Susceptibility genes for nicotine dependence: a genome scan and followup in an independent sample suggest that regions on chromosomes 2, 4, 10, 16, 17 and 18 merit further study. Molecular Psychiatry. 1999, 4: 129-144.
149.
Lander E, Kruglyak L: Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nature Genetics. 1995, 11: 241-247.
150.
Sullivan PF, Neale BM, Oord Van Den E, Miles MF, Neale MC, Bulik CM, Joyce PR, Straub RE, Kendler KS: Candidate genes for nicotine dependence via linkage, epistasis, and bioinformatics. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004, 126B: 23-36.
151.
Bergen AW, Korczak JF, Weissbecker KA, Goldstein AM: A genome-wide search for loci contributing to smoking and alcoholism. Genetic Epidemiology. 1999, 17 (Suppl 1): S55-60.
152.
Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J: Smoking behavior is under the influence of a major quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 5q. Genetic Epidemiology. 1999, 17 (Suppl 1): S139-144.
153.
Comings DE, Gade R, Wu S, Chiu C, Dietz G, Muhleman D, Saucier G, Ferry L, Rosenthal RJ, Lesieur HR, Rugle LJ, MacMurray P: Studies of the potential role of the dopamine D1 receptor gene in addictive behaviors. Molecular Psychiatry. 1997, 2: 44-56.
154.
Risch N, Merikangas K: The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 1996, 273: 1516-1517.
155.
Haines JL: Genomic screening. Approaches to Gene Mapping in Complex Human Diseases. Edited by: Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. 1998, New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc, 243-251.
156.
Comings DE: Why different rules are required for polygenic inheritance: lessons from studies of the DRD2 gene. Alcohol. 1998, 16: 61-70.
157.
Buckland PR: Genetic association studies of alcoholism-problems with the candidate gene approach. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2001, 36: 99-103.
158.
Wacholder S, Rothman N, Caporaso N: Population stratification in epidemiologic studies of common genetic variants and cancer: quantification of bias. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000, 92: 1151-1158.
159.
Cardon LR, Palmer LJ: Population stratification and spurious allelic association. Lancet. 2003, 361: 598-604.
160.
Kozlowski LT: Rehabilitating a genetic perspective in the study of tobacco and alcohol use. British Journal of Addiction. 1991, 86: 517-520.
161.
Hutchison KE, McGeary J, Smolen A, Bryan A, Swift RM: The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism moderates craving after alcohol consumption. Health Psychology. 2002, 21: 139-146.
CITATIONS (1):
1.
Lack of association between dopamine receptor D4 variable numbers of tandem repeats gene polymorphism and smoking
Mirjana Babic, Gordana Nedic, Dorotea Muck-Seler, Fran Borovecki, Nela Pivac
Neuroscience Letters
Mirjana Babic, Gordana Nedic, Dorotea Muck-Seler, Fran Borovecki, Nela Pivac
Neuroscience Letters
RELATED ARTICLE
